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{{Pancreatic cancer}}
{{Pancreatic cancer}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ARK}}
==Overview==
A positive history of cigarette [[smoking]], [[alcoholism]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[chronic pancreatitis]] and [[family history]] of [[pancreatic cancer]] are considered as [[Risk factor|risk factors]] for developing [[pancreatic cancer]]. The most common symptoms of [[pancreatic cancer]] include mid-[[epigastric pain]], [[jaundice]], sudden unexplained [[weight loss]], [[dark urine]] and [[Acholic stools|light-colored or greasy stools]].
 
==History and Symptoms==
A positive history of cigarette [[smoking]], [[alcoholism]], [[diabetes mellitus]], chronic pancreatitis and family history of pancreatic cancer are considered as risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer. The most common symptoms of [[pancreatic cancer]] include mid-[[epigastric pain]], [[jaundice]], sudden unexplained [[weight loss]], [[dark urine]] and [[Acholic stools|light-colored or greasy stools]].
 
===History===
Patients with [[pancreatic cancer]] may have a positive history of:<ref name="BosettiLucenteforte2011">{{cite journal|last1=Bosetti|first1=C.|last2=Lucenteforte|first2=E.|last3=Silverman|first3=D. T.|last4=Petersen|first4=G.|last5=Bracci|first5=P. M.|last6=Ji|first6=B. T.|last7=Negri|first7=E.|last8=Li|first8=D.|last9=Risch|first9=H. A.|last10=Olson|first10=S. H.|last11=Gallinger|first11=S.|last12=Miller|first12=A. B.|last13=Bueno-de-Mesquita|first13=H. B.|last14=Talamini|first14=R.|last15=Polesel|first15=J.|last16=Ghadirian|first16=P.|last17=Baghurst|first17=P. A.|last18=Zatonski|first18=W.|last19=Fontham|first19=E.|last20=Bamlet|first20=W. R.|last21=Holly|first21=E. A.|last22=Bertuccio|first22=P.|last23=Gao|first23=Y. T.|last24=Hassan|first24=M.|last25=Yu|first25=H.|last26=Kurtz|first26=R. C.|last27=Cotterchio|first27=M.|last28=Su|first28=J.|last29=Maisonneuve|first29=P.|last30=Duell|first30=E. J.|last31=Boffetta|first31=P.|last32=La Vecchia|first32=C.|title=Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (Panc4)|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=23|issue=7|year=2011|pages=1880–1888|issn=0923-7534|doi=10.1093/annonc/mdr541}}</ref><ref name="GoGukovskaya2005">{{cite journal|last1=Go|first1=Vay Liang W.|last2=Gukovskaya|first2=Anna|last3=Pandol|first3=Stephen J.|title=Alcohol and pancreatic cancer|journal=Alcohol|volume=35|issue=3|year=2005|pages=205–211|issn=07418329|doi=10.1016/j.alcohol.2005.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Li2012">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Donghui|title=Diabetes and pancreatic cancer|journal=Molecular Carcinogenesis|volume=51|issue=1|year=2012|pages=64–74|issn=08991987|doi=10.1002/mc.20771}}</ref><ref name="KirkegårdMortensen2017">{{cite journal|last1=Kirkegård|first1=Jakob|last2=Mortensen|first2=Frank Viborg|last3=Cronin-Fenton|first3=Deirdre|title=Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=112|issue=9|year=2017|pages=1366–1372|issn=0002-9270|doi=10.1038/ajg.2017.218}}</ref>
 
 
 
 
*Cigarette [[Smoking]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
*[[Family history]] of [[pancreatic cancer]]
===Common Symptoms===
Common [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[pancreatic cancer]] include:<ref name="VincentHerman2011">{{cite journal|last1=Vincent|first1=Audrey|last2=Herman|first2=Joseph|last3=Schulick|first3=Rich|last4=Hruban|first4=Ralph H|last5=Goggins|first5=Michael|title=Pancreatic cancer|journal=The Lancet|volume=378|issue=9791|year=2011|pages=607–620|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt-HansenBerendse2016">{{cite journal|last1=Schmidt-Hansen|first1=Mia|last2=Berendse|first2=Sabine|last3=Hamilton|first3=William|title=Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer in Primary Care|journal=Pancreas|volume=45|issue=6|year=2016|pages=814–818|issn=0885-3177|doi=10.1097/MPA.0000000000000527}}</ref><ref name="HollyChaliha2004">{{cite journal|last1=Holly|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Chaliha|first2=Indranushi|last3=Bracci|first3=Paige M.|last4=Gautam|first4=Manjushree|title=Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer: a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay area|journal=Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=2|issue=6|year=2004|pages=510–517|issn=15423565|doi=10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00171-5}}</ref>


==Overview==
Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is difficult because the symptoms are so non-specific and varied.


==Symptoms==
*[[Weight loss|Weight Loss]] (significant)
Common symptoms include [[abdominal pain|pain in the upper abdomen]] that typically radiates to the back and is relieved by leaning forward (seen in carcinoma of the body or tail of the pancreas), [[loss of appetite]], significant [[weight loss]] and painless [[jaundice]] related to [[bile duct]] obstruction (carcinoma of the head of the pancreas). All of these symptoms can have multiple other causes. Therefore, pancreatic cancer is often not diagnosed until it is advanced.
*[[Jaundice]]
*[[Epigastric|Midepigastric]] [[pain]] which may also radiate either to the lower back region and mid-back region
*[[Nausea]]
*[[Vomiting]]
*[[Malaise]]
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Anorexia|Loss of appetite]]
*[[Anorexia]]
*[[Dyspepsia]]
*[[Ascites]]
*Dark [[urine]]
*[[Acholic stools|Light-colored or greasy stools]]


[[Jaundice]] occurs when the tumor grows and obstructs the [[common bile duct]], which runs partially through the head of the pancreas. Tumours of the head of the pancreas (approximately 60% of cases) are more likely to cause jaundice by this mechanism.
===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[pancreatic cancer]] include:<ref name="Li2012">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Donghui|title=Diabetes and pancreatic cancer|journal=Molecular Carcinogenesis|volume=51|issue=1|year=2012|pages=64–74|issn=08991987|doi=10.1002/mc.20771}}</ref><ref name="KanjiGallinger2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kanji|first1=Z. S.|last2=Gallinger|first2=S.|title=Diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=185|issue=14|year=2013|pages=1219–1226|issn=0820-3946|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121368}}</ref><ref name="Yosipovitch2010">{{cite journal|last1=Yosipovitch|first1=Gil|title=Chronic pruritus: a paraneoplastic sign|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=23|issue=6|year=2010|pages=590–596|issn=13960296|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01366.x}}</ref>


[[Trousseau's sign of malignancy|Trousseau's sign]], in which blood clots form spontaneously in the [[portal venous system|portal blood vessels]], the deep veins of the extremities, or the superficial veins anywhere on the body, is sometimes associated with pancreatic cancer.


[[Clinical depression]] has been reported in association with pancreatic cancer, sometimes presenting before the cancer is diagnosed.  However, the mechanism for this association is not known.<ref>Carney CP, Jones L, Woolson RF, Noyes R Jr, Doebbeling BN. Relationship between depression and pancreatic cancer in the general population. ''Psychosom Med'' 2003;65:884-8. PMID 14508036.</ref>.
*[[Anxiety]]
*[[Stress]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Blood clots]]
*[[Pruritis]]
*[[Steatorrhea]]
*[[Constipation]]
<br />


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 23:33, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

A positive history of cigarette smoking, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis and family history of pancreatic cancer are considered as risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer. The most common symptoms of pancreatic cancer include mid-epigastric pain, jaundice, sudden unexplained weight loss, dark urine and light-colored or greasy stools.

History and Symptoms

A positive history of cigarette smoking, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis and family history of pancreatic cancer are considered as risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer. The most common symptoms of pancreatic cancer include mid-epigastric pain, jaundice, sudden unexplained weight loss, dark urine and light-colored or greasy stools.

History

Patients with pancreatic cancer may have a positive history of:[1][2][3][4]



Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of pancreatic cancer include:[5][6][7]


Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of pancreatic cancer include:[3][8][9]



References

  1. ↑ Bosetti, C.; Lucenteforte, E.; Silverman, D. T.; Petersen, G.; Bracci, P. M.; Ji, B. T.; Negri, E.; Li, D.; Risch, H. A.; Olson, S. H.; Gallinger, S.; Miller, A. B.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B.; Talamini, R.; Polesel, J.; Ghadirian, P.; Baghurst, P. A.; Zatonski, W.; Fontham, E.; Bamlet, W. R.; Holly, E. A.; Bertuccio, P.; Gao, Y. T.; Hassan, M.; Yu, H.; Kurtz, R. C.; Cotterchio, M.; Su, J.; Maisonneuve, P.; Duell, E. J.; Boffetta, P.; La Vecchia, C. (2011). "Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (Panc4)". Annals of Oncology. 23 (7): 1880–1888. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdr541. ISSN 0923-7534.
  2. ↑ Go, Vay Liang W.; Gukovskaya, Anna; Pandol, Stephen J. (2005). "Alcohol and pancreatic cancer". Alcohol. 35 (3): 205–211. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2005.03.010. ISSN 0741-8329.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Li, Donghui (2012). "Diabetes and pancreatic cancer". Molecular Carcinogenesis. 51 (1): 64–74. doi:10.1002/mc.20771. ISSN 0899-1987.
  4. ↑ Kirkegård, Jakob; Mortensen, Frank Viborg; Cronin-Fenton, Deirdre (2017). "Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". American Journal of Gastroenterology. 112 (9): 1366–1372. doi:10.1038/ajg.2017.218. ISSN 0002-9270.
  5. ↑ Vincent, Audrey; Herman, Joseph; Schulick, Rich; Hruban, Ralph H; Goggins, Michael (2011). "Pancreatic cancer". The Lancet. 378 (9791): 607–620. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0. ISSN 0140-6736.
  6. ↑ Schmidt-Hansen, Mia; Berendse, Sabine; Hamilton, William (2016). "Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer in Primary Care". Pancreas. 45 (6): 814–818. doi:10.1097/MPA.0000000000000527. ISSN 0885-3177.
  7. ↑ Holly, Elizabeth A.; Chaliha, Indranushi; Bracci, Paige M.; Gautam, Manjushree (2004). "Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer: a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay area". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2 (6): 510–517. doi:10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00171-5. ISSN 1542-3565.
  8. ↑ Kanji, Z. S.; Gallinger, S. (2013). "Diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 185 (14): 1219–1226. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121368. ISSN 0820-3946.
  9. ↑ Yosipovitch, Gil (2010). "Chronic pruritus: a paraneoplastic sign". Dermatologic Therapy. 23 (6): 590–596. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01366.x. ISSN 1396-0296.


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