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| '''For patient information click [[Paraganglioma (patient information)|here]]'''
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| {{Paraganglioma}} | | {{Paraganglioma}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}} {{AE}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| A '''paraganglioma''' is a rare [[neoplasm]] that can be found in the abdomen, thorax, and in the head and neck region. They are usually considered [[benign]] and complete surgical removal results in cure. However, in about 3% of cases they are [[malignant]] and have the ability to [[metastasis|metastasize]]. Paragangliomas are still sometimes called '''glomus tumors''' (not to be confused with [[glomus tumor]]s of the skin) and '''chemodectomas''', but paraganglioma is the currently accepted and preferred term.
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| Paragangliomas arise from the [[glomus cell]]s, which are special [[chemoreceptor]]s located along blood vessels that have a role in regulating blood pressure and blood flow. The main concentration of glomus cells are found are in the [[carotid body]], located in the upper neck at the branching of the [[carotid artery|common carotid artery]], and the [[aortic body|aortic bodies]], located near the [[aorta|aortic arch]]. The glomus cells are a part of the paraganglion system composed of the extra-adrenal [[paraganglia]] of the [[autonomic nervous system]], derived from the embryonic [[neural crest]]. Thus, paragangliomas are a type of [[neuroendocrine tumor]], and are closely related to [[pheochromocytoma]]s. Although all paragangliomas contain neurosecretory granules, only about 1-3% have clinical evidence of oversecretion.
| | ==Historical Perspective== |
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| | ==Classification== |
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| | ==Pathophysiology== |
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| Paragangliomas are found predominantly in the abdomen (85%) and the thorax (12%), and only 3% are found in the head and neck region. Most occur as single tumors. When they occur in multiple sites they are usually found as a part of a heritable syndrome such as [[multiple endocrine neoplasia]] types II-A and II-B and [[SDH]]-related mutations.
| | ==Causes== |
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| According to the [[World Health Organization]] classification of neuroendocrine tumors, paragangliomas are classified as having a neural cell line of origin. In the categorization proposed by Wick, the paragangliomas belong to Group II.
| | ==Differentiating Xyz from Other Diseases== |
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| | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== |
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| | ==Risk Factors== |
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| | ==Screening== |
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| | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== |
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| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | ===Diagnostic Study of Choice=== |
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| | ===History and Symptoms=== |
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| | ===Physical Examination=== |
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| | ===Laboratory Findings=== |
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| | ===Electrocardiogram=== |
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| | ===X-ray=== |
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| | ===Echocardiography and Ultrasound=== |
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| | ===CT scan=== |
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| | ===MRI=== |
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| | ===Other Imaging Findings=== |
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| | ===Other Diagnostic Studies=== |
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| | ==Treatment== |
| | ===Medical Therapy=== |
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| | === Interventions === |
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| | ===Surgery=== |
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| | ===Primary Prevention=== |
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| | ===Secondary Prevention=== |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| {{Epithelial neoplasms}}
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| [[de:Paragangliom]]
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| [[nl:Paraganglioom]]
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| [[sk:Paraganglióm]]
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| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| [[Category:Types of cancer]]
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| [[Category:Oncology]] | | [[Category:Oncology]] |
| [[Category:Mature chapter]] | | [[Category:Medicine]] |
| | [[Category:Neurology]] |
| | [[Category:Endocrinology]] |