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==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of bacterial vaginosis include ''[[gardnerella vaginalis]]'', ''[[mycoplasma hominis]]'', [[ureaplasma]], and [[anaerobes]].<ref name="pmid17434799">{{cite journal| author=Donders GG| title=Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol | year= 2007 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 355-73 | pmid=17434799 | doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.01.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17434799  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19399292">{{cite journal| author=Livengood CH| title=Bacterial vaginosis: an overview for 2009. | journal=Rev Obstet Gynecol | year= 2009 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 28-37 | pmid=19399292 | doi= | pmc=2672999 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19399292  }} </ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
A healthy vagina normally contains many [[microorganisms]], some of the common ones are ''Lactobacillus crispatus'' and ''Lactobacillus jensenii''. ''Lactobacillus'', particularly hydrogen peroxide-producing species, appears to help prevent other vaginal microorganisms from multiplying to a level where they cause symptoms. (Note: ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus]]'' is not one of the species of ''Lactobacillus'' identified as playing a protective role in vaginal flora.) The microorganisms involved in BV are very diverse, but include ''[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]'', ''[[Mobiluncus]]'', ''[[Bacteroides]]'', and ''[[Mycoplasma]]''. A change in normal bacterial flora including the reduction of lactobacillus, which may be due to the use of antibiotics or pH imbalance, allows more resistant bacteria to gain a foothold and multiply. In turn these produce toxins which affect the body's natural defenses and make re-colonization of healthy bacteria more difficult.
Common causes of bacterial vaginosis include:<ref name="pmid17434799">{{cite journal| author=Donders GG| title=Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol | year= 2007 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 355-73 | pmid=17434799 | doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.01.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17434799  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19399292">{{cite journal| author=Livengood CH| title=Bacterial vaginosis: an overview for 2009. | journal=Rev Obstet Gynecol | year= 2009 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 28-37 | pmid=19399292 | doi= | pmc=2672999 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19399292  }} </ref>
*[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
**This strain has been detected in culture samples from nearly all symptomatic women with bacterial vaginosis (BV), as well as in approximately 50% of healthy women.
*Mobiluncus spp.
*[[Mycoplasma|Mycoplasma hominis]]
*[[Ureaplasma]]
*[[Anaerobes]]
** [[Prevotella|Prevotella spp.]]
**[[Bacteroides|Bacteroides spp.]]
**[[Peptostreptococcus|Peptostreptococcus spp.]]
**[[Fusobacterium|Fusobacterium spp.]]
**[[Porphyromonas|Porphyromonas spp.]]
 
==Gallery==
 
<gallery>
 
Image: Bacterial vaginosis01.jpeg| This photomicrograph of a vaginal smear specimen depicts two epithelial cells, a normal cell, and an epithelial cell with its exterior covered by bacteria giving the cell a roughened, stippled appearance known as a “clue cell.” <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Bacterial vaginosis03.jpeg| This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Bacterial vaginosis04.jpeg| This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells.” <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>


Most cases of bacterial vaginosis occur in sexually active women between the ages of 15 and 44, especially after contact with a new partner. [[Condom]]s may provide some protection and there is no evidence that [[spermicide]] increases BV risk. Although BV appears to be associated with [[sexual activity]], there is no clear evidence of sexual transmission.<ref name="Bradshaw2006">{{cite journal | author=Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J, ''et al.'' | title=High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence | journal=J Infect Dis | year=2006 | volume=193 | issue=11 | pages=1478&ndash;86 }}</ref> Rather, BV is a disordering of the chemical and biological balance of the [[Human flora|normal flora]].  Recent research is exploring the link between sexual partner treatment and eradication of recurrent cases of BV. [[Pregnancy|Pregnant]] women and women with [[sexually transmitted infections]] are especially at risk for getting this infection. Bacterial vaginosis does not usually affect women after [[menopause]].  A 2005 study by researchers at [[Ghent University]] in Belgium showed that subclinical iron deficiency ([[anemia]]) was a strong predictor of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. A longitudinal study published in February 2006 in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology showed a link between psychosocial stress and bacterial vaginosis independent of other risk factors.
Image: Bacterial vaginosis05.jpeg| This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells.” <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WE}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 20:34, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Common causes of bacterial vaginosis include gardnerella vaginalis, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma, and anaerobes.[1][2]

Causes

Common causes of bacterial vaginosis include:[1][2]

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Donders GG (2007). "Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 21 (3): 355–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.01.002. PMID 17434799.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Livengood CH (2009). "Bacterial vaginosis: an overview for 2009". Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2 (1): 28–37. PMC 2672999. PMID 19399292.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

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