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{{Yellow fever}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Patients infected may have no symptoms; if they develop the disease, they can develop symptoms such as fever, muscle pain (with prominent backache), [[headache]], shivers, loss of [[appetite]], and [[nausea]] or [[vomiting]]. After three or four days most patients improve and their symptoms disappear. Fifteen percent of patients, however, enter a toxic phase within 24 hours. [[Fever]] reappears, the patient rapidly develops [[jaundice]] and abdominal pain with vomiting. Bleeding occurs and [[kidney function]] deteriorates.


==Symptoms==  
==History and Symptoms==  
The virus remains silent in the body during an [[incubation period]] of three to six days. There are then two disease phases. While some infections have no symptoms the first, ''acute'' phase is normally characterized by fever, muscle pain (with prominent backache), headache, shivers, loss of appetite, and nausea or vomiting. The high fever is often paradoxically associated with a slow pulse (known as [[Faget's sign]]). After three or four days most patients improve and their symptoms disappear.
*The majority of persons infected with yellow fever virus have no illness or only mild illness. Patients with yellow fever can present in three forms: subclinical infection, nonspecific abortive febrile disease and fatal hemorrhagic fever.
Fifteen percent of patients, however, enter a ''toxic phase'' within 24 hours. Fever reappears and several body systems are affected. The patient rapidly develops [[jaundice]] and complains of abdominal pain with vomiting. Bleeding can occur from the mouth, nose, eyes, and stomach. Once this happens blood appears in the vomit and feces. [[Kidney function]] deteriorates; this can range from abnormal protein levels in the urine ([[proteinuria]]) to [[acute renal failure|complete kidney failure]] with no urine production ([[anuria]]). Half of the patients in the "toxic phase" die within fourteen days. The remainder recover without significant organ damage.
*In persons who develop symptoms, the incubation period (time from infection until illness) is typically 3–6 days, with an average of 4 days.<ref name="RudolphLessler2014">{{cite journal|last1=Rudolph|first1=K. E.|last2=Lessler|first2=J.|last3=Moloney|first3=R. M.|last4=Kmush|first4=B.|last5=Cummings|first5=D. A. T.|title=Incubation Periods of Mosquito-Borne Viral Infections: A Systematic Review|journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=90|issue=5|year=2014|pages=882–891|issn=0002-9637|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0403}}</ref>
Yellow fever is difficult to recognize, especially during the early stages. It can easily be confused with [[malaria]], [[typhoid]], [[rickettsial]] diseases, [[haemorrhagic viral fever]]s (e.g. Lassa), [[arbovirus|arboviral]] infections (e.g. [[dengue fever|dengue]]), [[leptospirosis]], [[viral hepatitis]] and poisoning (e.g. [[carbon tetrachloride]]). A laboratory analysis is required to confirm a suspect case. Blood tests (serology assays) can detect yellow fever [[antibodies]] that are produced in response to the infection. Several other techniques are used to identify the virus itself in blood specimens or liver tissue collected after death. These tests require highly trained laboratory staff using specialized equipment and materials.
*The initial symptoms include: <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/symptoms| title=CDC Yellow Fever Symptoms}}</ref>
:*Sudden onset of fever
:*[[Chills]]
:*Severe [[headache]]
:*[[Back pain]]
:*General body aches
:*[[Nausea]]
:*[[Vomiting]]
:*[[Fatigue]]
:*[[Weakness]]
:*[[Irritability]]
:*[[Photophobia]]
:*[[Dizziness]]
*Most persons improve after the initial presentation.
*The high fever is often paradoxically associated with a slow pulse (known as [[Faget's sign]]).  
*After a brief remission of hours to a day, roughly 15% of cases progress to develop a more severe form of the disease.  
*The severe form is characterized by high [[fever]], [[jaundice]], [[bleeding]], and eventually [[shock]] and failure of multiple organs.


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
 
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Flaviviruses]]
[[Category:Tropical disease]]
[[Category:Insect-borne diseases]]
[[Category:Neglected diseases]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]


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Latest revision as of 19:30, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Patients infected may have no symptoms; if they develop the disease, they can develop symptoms such as fever, muscle pain (with prominent backache), headache, shivers, loss of appetite, and nausea or vomiting. After three or four days most patients improve and their symptoms disappear. Fifteen percent of patients, however, enter a toxic phase within 24 hours. Fever reappears, the patient rapidly develops jaundice and abdominal pain with vomiting. Bleeding occurs and kidney function deteriorates.

History and Symptoms

  • The majority of persons infected with yellow fever virus have no illness or only mild illness. Patients with yellow fever can present in three forms: subclinical infection, nonspecific abortive febrile disease and fatal hemorrhagic fever.
  • In persons who develop symptoms, the incubation period (time from infection until illness) is typically 3–6 days, with an average of 4 days.[1]
  • The initial symptoms include: [2]
  • Most persons improve after the initial presentation.
  • The high fever is often paradoxically associated with a slow pulse (known as Faget's sign).
  • After a brief remission of hours to a day, roughly 15% of cases progress to develop a more severe form of the disease.
  • The severe form is characterized by high fever, jaundice, bleeding, and eventually shock and failure of multiple organs.

References

  1. ↑ Rudolph, K. E.; Lessler, J.; Moloney, R. M.; Kmush, B.; Cummings, D. A. T. (2014). "Incubation Periods of Mosquito-Borne Viral Infections: A Systematic Review". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 90 (5): 882–891. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0403. ISSN 0002-9637.
  2. ↑ "CDC Yellow Fever Symptoms".


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