Yersinia pestis infection history and symptoms

Yersinia pestis infection Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Yersinia Pestis Infection from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Chest X Ray
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Primary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Yersinia pestis infection history and symptoms On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Yersinia pestis infection history and symptoms All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Yersinia pestis infection history and symptoms
CDC on Yersinia pestis infection history and symptoms
Yersinia pestis infection history and symptoms in the news
Blogs on Yersinia pestis infection history and symptoms
Directions to Hospitals Treating Yersinia pestis infection
Risk calculators and risk factors for Yersinia pestis infection history and symptoms

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Yazan Daaboul; Serge Korjian

Overview

Symptoms of plague may be differentiated by type: Bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Although all 3 types share constitutional symptoms, key features differentiate them from one another. Not only do the 3 types differ in symptoms, but also in treatment and prognosis. Bubonic plague is characterized by the presence of painful and tender lymphadenopathy, called buboes. Less pathognomonic features are found in other types of plague, making their diagnosis more difficult. Septicemic plague follows the course, along with signs and symptoms, of a gram-negative bacilli and pneumonic plague presents with a virulent pneumonia.

History and Symptoms

The plague may have any of 3 classic presentations:

• Bubonic plague
• Septicemic plague
• Pneumonic plague

While bubonic plaque is the most common type of plague in humans, septicemic is the most fatal and often leads to death in all untreated cases. One patient may have more than one plague type, especially late in the course of the disease. All plague types include constitutional non-specific symptoms, such as fever, malaise, and weight loss. However, it is important to differentiate the types of plague based on patient symptoms for therapeutic and prognostic purposes.

Other less common plague infections include:

• Pharyngeal plague
• Gastrointestinal plague
• Meningeal plague

The following table compares the various types of plague and their key clinical features.

Various Types of Plague and Clinical Features

Subtype	Mode of Transmission	Manifestations
Bubonic Plague	Fleabite or exposure to animals infected by fleabite, such as squirrels, rabbits, dogs, and cats Direct exposure of infected skin or mucus membranes	Symptoms generally start 2-6 days after exposure: Papules, vesicles, pustules, ulcers, or eschar at inoculation site surrounded by erythematous, edematous and adherent skin Abrupt onset of headache, chills, fever, and malaise 1-10 cm painful and tender lymph nodes, called buboes, that appear after 24 hours Lymphadenopathy may involve any site (superficial lymph nodes such as inguinal, axillary, popliteal, supraclavicular, cervical, epitrochlear, or even deeper lymph nodes such as intra-abdominal or intra-thoracic). Buboes may become fluctuant and suppurative.
Septicemic Plague	Primary: Y. pestis bacteremia after cutaneous exposure Secondary: Local infection by bubonic or pneumonic plague followed by infection spread	Usually affects patients older than 60 years of age. Characteristically, there is absence of lymphadenopathy, which differentiates it from bubonic plague. Signs and symptoms of gram-negative sepsis may predominate: Fever Tachypnea Tachycardia Altered mental status Hypotension
Pneumonic Plague	Primary: Ingestion or inhalation of Y. pestis Secondary: Infection with another plague type that eventually involves the lungs	Respiratory symptoms at 3-5 days after exposure causing a virulent interstitial or lobar pneumonia are the hallmark of pneumonic plague: Chest pain with splinting Dyspnea Cough Hemoptysis that starts as blood-tinged sputum, but rapidly develops into bloody mucopurulent sputum

^{Adapted from Koirala et al. Plague: disease, management, and recognition of act of terrorism. Infect Dis Clin N Am.2006;20:273-87}