Pulmonary embolism causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 18:35, 7 June 2016

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] The APEX Trial Investigators; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the acute obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by a thrombus, air, tumor, or fat. Most often, PE is due to a venous thrombus which has been dislodged from its site of formation in the deep veins of the lower extremities, a process referred to as venous thromboembolism.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the underlying cause.

Common Causes

The most common cause of PE is a venous thrombus which has been dislodged from its site of formation in the deep veins of the lower extremities.
- Deep vein thrombosis

Non-thrombotic causes of PE are:
- Cancer
- Fat
- Infection
- Amniotic fluid

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Antithrombin III deficiency, deep vein thrombosis, dyslipidemia, embolism, fat, heart failure, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, May-Thurner syndrome, Meadows syndrome, Paget-Schroetter disease, pelvic vein thrombosis, plasminogen deficiency, thromboembolism, thrombosis
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Behcet's disease
Drug Side Effect	Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi,axitinib, bevacizumab, clomifene, crizotinib, desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol, epirubicin , Estropipate, Ethacrynic Acid, ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, etonogestrel, fibrinogen,glucocorticoids, goserelin, hormone replacement therapy, idursulfase, interferon gamma, lenalidomide, letrozole, medroxyprogesterone, meropenem, oral contraceptives, ospemifene, palbociclib, pergolide, polidocanol, pramipexole, progesterone, romidepsin, tamoxifen, testosterone, thalidomide, toremifene, trametinib, transdermal contraceptive, vorinostat
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Polycystic ovary syndrome
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disease, Paget-Schroetter disease
Genetic	Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency
Hematologic	Antiphospholipid syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency, deep vein thrombosis, embolism, essential thrombocythemia, essential thrombocytosis, factor V Leiden mutation, factor XII deficiency, familial dysfibrinogenemia, heparin cofactor II deficiency, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, hyperviscosity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, pelvic vein thrombosis, plasminogen deficiency, polycythemia vera, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, thromboembolism, thrombosis
Iatrogenic	Cancer surgery, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, presence of central venous catheter, vascular surgery
Infectious Disease	Infection, tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Bone fractures
Neurologic	Corticobasal degeneration
Nutritional/Metabolic	Dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Amniotic fluid, antiphospholipid syndrome, hormone replacement therapy, Meadows syndrome, oral contraceptives, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, pregnancy, transdermal contraceptive
Oncologic	Cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, malignancy, pancreatic cancer, polycythemia vera, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Psychiatric	Corticobasal degeneration, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Pulmonary	Asthma, lung cancer, thrombosis
Renal/Electrolyte	Chronic renal disease, nephrotic syndrome, renal cell carcinoma
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Antiphospholipid syndrome, Behcet's disease, Hughes-Stovin syndrome, prothrombin gene mutation G20210A, rheumatoid arthritis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Injury, intravenous drug use, surgery, trauma
Urologic	Prostate cancer
Miscellaneous	Cancer surgery, immobilization, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, renal transplantation, vascular surgery

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+__NOTOC__
+{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
+|-
+| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
+| [[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
+|}
 {{Pulmonary embolism}}
+{{CMG}} {{ATI}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}
-{{CMG}}
-'''Associate Editors-in-Chief:''' [[User:Ujjwal Rastogi|Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS]] [mailto:urastogi@perfuse.org]
 ==Overview==
-Pulmonary embolism due to non-thrombotic causes or Non-thrombotic pulmonary embolism (NTPE) is defined as the partial or total occlusion of the pulmonary vessels caused by a variety of non-thrombotic embolic agents.
+[[Pulmonary embolism]] (PE) is the acute obstruction of the [[pulmonary artery]] or one of its branches by a [[thrombus]], [[Air embolism|air]], [[Tumor embolism|tumor]], or [[Fat embolism|fat]].  Most often, PE is due to a [[venous thrombosis|venous thrombus]] which has been dislodged from its site of formation in the deep veins of the lower extremities, a process referred to as [[venous thromboembolism]].
-The main sources of non-thrombotic pulmonary emboli include:
+==Causes==
-# Cancers.
+===Life Threatening Causes===
-# Fat.
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  [[Pulmonary embolism]] is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the underlying cause.
-# Infective agents.
-# Amniotic fluid.
+===Common Causes===
-# A variety of foreign materials.
+* The most common cause of PE is a [[venous thrombosis|venous thrombus]] which has been dislodged from its site of formation in the deep veins of the lower extremities.
-# Gases.
+** [[Deep vein thrombosis]]
+* Non-thrombotic causes of PE are:
+** [[Cancer]]
+** [[Fat]]
+** [[Infection]]
+** [[Amniotic fluid]]
+===Causes by Organ System===
+{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Antithrombin III deficiency]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[dyslipidemia]], [[embolism]], [[fat]], [[heart failure]], [[hypercholesterolemia]], [[hypertension]], [[May-Thurner syndrome]], [[Meadows syndrome]], [[Paget-Schroetter disease]], [[venous thrombosis|pelvic vein thrombosis]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency]], [[thromboembolism]], [[thrombosis]]
+|-
+|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dermatologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi]],[[axitinib]], [[bevacizumab]], [[clomifene]], [[crizotinib]], [[desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol]], [[epirubicin ]], [[Estropipate]], [[Ethacrynic Acid]], [[ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[etonogestrel]], [[fibrinogen]],[[glucocorticoids]], [[goserelin]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[idursulfase]], [[interferon gamma]], [[lenalidomide]], [[letrozole]], [[medroxyprogesterone]], [[meropenem]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[ospemifene]], [[palbociclib]], [[pergolide]], [[polidocanol]], [[pramipexole]], [[progesterone]], [[romidepsin]], [[tamoxifen]], [[testosterone]], [[thalidomide]], [[toremifene]], [[trametinib]], [[transdermal contraceptive]], [[vorinostat]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Endocrine'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Environmental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Colorectal cancer]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[liver disease]], [[Paget-Schroetter disease]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Genetic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Hematologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[embolism]], [[essential thrombocythemia]], [[essential thrombocytosis]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]], [[factor XII|factor XII deficiency]], [[familial dysfibrinogenemia]], [[heparin cofactor II|heparin cofactor II deficiency]], [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[hyperviscosity]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[venous thrombosis|pelvic vein thrombosis]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[thromboembolism]], [[thrombosis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Iatrogenic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer surgery]], [[neurosurgery]], [[orthopedic surgery]], [[central venous catheter|presence of central venous catheter]], [[vascular surgery]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Infectious Disease'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Infection]], [[tuberculosis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone fractures]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Neurologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Corticobasal degeneration]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dyslipidemia]], [[hypercholesterolemia]], [[hyperhomocysteinemia]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amniotic fluid]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[Meadows syndrome]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], [[pregnancy]], [[transdermal contraceptive]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Oncologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[lung cancer]], [[malignancy]], [[pancreatic cancer]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[prostate cancer]], [[renal cell carcinoma]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ophthalmologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Psychiatric'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Corticobasal degeneration]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Pulmonary'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asthma]], [[lung cancer]], [[thrombosis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic renal disease]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[renal cell carcinoma]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[Hughes-Stovin syndrome]], [[prothrombin gene mutation G20210A]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Sexual'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Trauma'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Injury]], [[intravenous drug use]], [[surgery]], [[trauma]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Urologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Prostate cancer]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Miscellaneous'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer surgery]], [[immobility|immobilization]], [[neurosurgery]], [[orthopedic surgery]], [[renal transplantation]], [[vascular surgery]]
+|-
+|}
+===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Amniotic fluid]]
+*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
+*[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
+*[[Asthma]]
+*[[Behcet's disease]]
+*[[Bevacizumab]]
+*[[Bone fractures]]
+*[[Cancer]]
+*[[Cancer surgery]]
+*[[Chronic renal disease]]
+*[[Colorectal cancer]]
+*[[Corticobasal degeneration]]
+*[[Deep vein thrombosis]]
+*[[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]]
+*[[Dyslipidemia]]
+*[[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]]
+*[[Embolism]]
+*[[Essential thrombocythemia]]
+*[[Essential thrombocytosis]]
+*[[Etonogestrel]]
+*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]
+*[[factor XII|Factor XII deficiency]]
+*[[Familial dysfibrinogenemia]]
+*[[Fat]]
+*[[Glucocorticoids]]
+*[[Heart failure]]
+*[[heparin cofactor II|Heparin cofactor II deficiency]]
+*[[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Hormone replacement therapy]]
+*[[Hughes-Stovin syndrome]]
+*[[Hypercholesterolemia]]
+*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
+*[[Hypertension]]
+*[[Hyperviscosity]]
+*[[immobility|Immobilization]]
+*[[Infection]]
+*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
+*[[Injury]]
+*[[Interferon gamma]]
+*[[Intravenous drug use]]
+*[[Lenalidomide]]
+*[[Liver disease]]
+*[[Lung cancer]]
+*[[Malignancy]]
+*[[May-Thurner syndrome]]
+*[[Meadows syndrome]]
+*[[Medroxyprogesterone]]
+*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
+*[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
+*[[Neurosurgery]]
+*[[Oral contraceptives]]
+*[[Orthopedic surgery]]
+*[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]]
+*[[Paget-Schroetter disease]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Palbociclib]]
+*[[Pancreatic cancer]]
+*[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
+*[[venous thrombosis|Pelvic vein thrombosis]]
+*[[Pergolide]]
+*[[plasminogen|Plasminogen deficiency]]
+*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
+*[[Polycythemia vera]]
+*[[Pregnancy]]
+*[[central venous catheter|Presence of central venous catheter]]
+*[[Prostate cancer]]
+*[[Protein C deficiency]]
+*[[Protein S deficiency]]
+*[[Prothrombin gene mutation G20210A]]
+*[[Renal cell carcinoma]]
+*[[Renal transplantation]]
+*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+*[[Surgery]]
+*[[Tamoxifen]]
+*[[Testosterone]]
+*[[Thalidomide]]
+*[[Thromboembolism]]
+*[[Thrombosis]]
+*[[Transdermal contraceptive]]
+*[[Trauma]]
+*[[Tuberculosis]]
+*[[Vascular surgery]]
+*[[Vorinostat]]
+{{col-end}}
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
 [[Category:Hematology]]
@@ Line 21: / Line 235: @@
 [[Category:Cardiology]]
 [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
+[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
 {{WH}}
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