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Latest revision as of 20:03, 21 November 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mazia Fatima, MBBS [2]

Overview

Salmonellosis is a global health issue and is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis each year. There are major limitations preventing assessment of the global burden of salmonellosis. Many regions of the world, especially those with a large proportion of the global population such as South/Southeast Asia and South America, do not have publicly available data regarding salmonellosis surveillance. In the U.S., the incidence rate was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2008. In Europe, the overall reported incidence rate was 39.01 per 100,000 persons in 2005.^[1] Children and the elderly have a higher rate of incidence.^[2]

2017 Outbreak updates

Country	Date	Cases (confirmed and suspected)	Deaths	More details
United States	November 16, 2017	66	0	CDC and multiple states are investigating outbreak of human Salmonella infections linked to contact with pet turtles in 18 states. Epidemiologic and laboratory findings link the outbreak of human Salmonella Agbeni infections to contact with turtles or their environments, such as water from a turtle habitat. Illnesses started on dates ranging from March 1, 2017 to October 14, 2017.23 have been hospitalized. Twenty-three (35%) ill people are children younger than 5.
	November 14, 2017	54	0	An outbreak of multidrug-resistant SalmonellaHeidelberg infections have been reported from 15states. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations linked ill people in this outbreak to contact with calves, including dairy calves. Seventeen (35%) people have been hospitalized. Illnesses started on dates ranging from January 27, 2015 to October 15, 2017. Eighteen (33%) people in this outbreak are children under the age of 5.
	November 3, 2017	220	1	This outbreak included five types of Salmonella cases:Salmonella Thompson (144), Salmonella Kiambu (54), Salmonella Agona (12), Salmonella Gaminara (7), or SalmonellaSenftenberg (3) were reported from 23 sstates.he same strains of these types of Salmonella were found in samples collected from papayas and from ill people. Illnesses started on dates ranging from May 17, 2017 to October 4, 2017.Sixty-eight ill people were hospitalized. One death was reported from New York City.
	July 19, 2017	24	0	Multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to various clinical, commercial, and teaching microbiology laboratories.Six ill people were hospitalized in 16 states. No deaths were reported. Laboratory-associated salmonellosis continues to be a public health problem. This outbreak is a reminder that bacteria used in microbiology laboratories can sicken people who work in labs. Others who live in their households can also get sick, even if the household members never visited the laboratory.

Incidence

Worlwide, salmonellosis is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis each year. In 2005, the estimated overall incidence rate for Europe was 39.01 per 100,000 persons. The countries with highest reported incidence were the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 2007, the notification rate of salmonellosis by EU and EEA/EFTA countries was 34.26 per 100,000 persons. In the U.S., Salmonella causes approximately 1 million foodborne infections annually. The incidence of salmonellosis in the U.S., was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2008. Incidence was highest in the youngest age groups(≤ 4 years) at approximately 4.7 - 6.9 cases per 100,000 population. ^[2]^[1]

*Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)*^[3]

Age

The highest incidence of salmonellosis occurs in the age group 0-4. Older age groups also have a greater incidence.

Gender

The incidence of salmonellosis does not vary by gender.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM; et al. (2012). "Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections". Clin Infect Dis. 54 Suppl 5: S488–97. doi:10.1093/cid/cis231. PMID 22572674.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ; et al. (2010). "The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (6): 882–9. doi:10.1086/650733. PMID 20158401.
↑ "Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" (PDF).

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid22572674-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM; et al. (2012). "Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections". Clin Infect Dis. 54 Suppl 5: S488–97. doi:10.1093/cid/cis231. PMID 22572674.

[pmid20158401-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ; et al. (2010). "The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (6): 882–9. doi:10.1086/650733. PMID 20158401.

[Salmonella-3] "Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" (PDF).

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+__NOTOC__
 {{Salmonellosis}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Mazia}}
 ==Overview==
-Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are the most common in the United States. Salmonella has been known to cause illness for over 100 years. They were discovered by a American scientist named Salmon, for whom they are named.
+[[Salmonellosis]] is a global health issue and is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of [[gastroenteritis]] each year. There are major limitations preventing assessment of the global burden of salmonellosis. Many regions of the world, especially those with a large proportion of the global population such as South/Southeast Asia and South America, do not have publicly available data regarding salmonellosis surveillance. In the U.S., the [[incidence]] rate was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2008. In Europe, the overall reported [[incidence]] rate was 39.01 per 100,000 persons in 2005.<ref name="pmid22572674">{{cite journal| author=Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM et al.| title=Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 54 Suppl 5 | issue=  | pages= S488-97 | pmid=22572674 | doi=10.1093/cid/cis231 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22572674  }} </ref> Children and the elderly have a higher rate of incidence.<ref name="pmid20158401">{{cite journal| author=Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ et al.| title=The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 882-9 | pmid=20158401 | doi=10.1086/650733 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20158401  }} </ref>
+==2017 Outbreak updates ==
-Every year, approximately 40,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in the United States. Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be thirty or more times greater. There are many different kinds of Salmonella bacteria. Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are the most common in the United States.Salmonellosis is more common in the summer than winter.
+{| class="wikitable"
+!Country
+!Date
+!Cases (confirmed and suspected)
+!Deaths
+!More details
+|-
+| rowspan="4" |United States
+|November 16, 2017
+|66
+|0
+|
+*CDC and multiple states are investigating outbreak of human ''Salmonella'' infections linked to contact with pet turtles in 18 states. Epidemiologic and laboratory findings link the outbreak of human ''Salmonella'' Agbeni infections to contact with turtles or their environments, such as water from a turtle habitat.
+*Illnesses started on dates ranging from March 1, 2017 to October 14, 2017.23 have been hospitalized. Twenty-three (35%) ill people are children younger than 5.
+|-
+|November 14, 2017
+|54
+|0
+|
+* An outbreak of multidrug-resistant ''Salmonella''Heidelberg infections have been reported from 15states. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations linked ill people in this outbreak to contact with calves, including dairy calves.
+* Seventeen (35%) people have been hospitalized. Illnesses started on dates ranging from January 27, 2015 to October 15, 2017. Eighteen (33%) people in this outbreak are children under the age of 5.
+|-
+|November 3, 2017
+|220
+|1
+|
+*This outbreak included five types of Salmonella cases:''Salmonella'' Thompson (144), ''Salmonella'' Kiambu (54), ''Salmonella'' Agona (12), ''Salmonella'' Gaminara (7), or ''Salmonella''Senftenberg (3) were reported from 23 sstates.he same strains of these types of ''Salmonella ''were found in samples collected from papayas and from ill people.
+*Illnesses started on dates ranging from May 17, 2017 to October 4, 2017.Sixty-eight ill people were hospitalized. One death was reported from New York City.
+|-
+|July 19, 2017
+|24
+|0
+|
+* Multistate outbreak of ''Salmonella'' Typhimurium infections linked to various clinical, commercial, and teaching microbiology laboratories.Six ill people were hospitalized in 16 states. No deaths were reported.
-Children are the most likely to get salmonellosis. The rate of diagnosed infections in children less than five years old is higher than the rate in all other persons. Young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to have severe infections. It is estimated that approximately 400 persons die each year with acute salmonellosis.
+* Laboratory-associated salmonellosis continues to be a public health problem. This outbreak is a reminder that bacteria used in microbiology laboratories can sicken people who work in labs. Others who live in their households can also get sick, even if the household members never visited the laboratory.
+|}
-==Epidemiology and Demographics==
+==Incidence==
-====How common is salmonellosis?====
+Worlwide, salmonellosis is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of [[gastroenteritis]] each year. In 2005, the estimated overall incidence rate for Europe was 39.01 per 100,000 persons. The countries with highest reported incidence were the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 2007, the notification rate of salmonellosis by EU and EEA/EFTA countries was 34.26 per 100,000 persons. In the U.S., Salmonella causes approximately 1 million foodborne infections annually. The incidence of salmonellosis in the U.S., was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2008. Incidence was highest in the youngest age groups(≤ 4 years) at approximately 4.7 - 6.9 cases per 100,000 population. <ref name="pmid20158401">{{cite journal| author=Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ et al.| title=The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 882-9 | pmid=20158401 | doi=10.1086/650733 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20158401  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22572674">{{cite journal| author=Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM et al.| title=Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 54 Suppl 5 | issue=  | pages= S488-97 | pmid=22572674 | doi=10.1093/cid/cis231 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22572674  }} </ref>
-Every year, approximately 40,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in the United States. Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be thirty or more times greater. Salmonellosis is more common in the summer than winter.
+[[image:Salmonella.png|600px|thumb|center|<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/PDFs/salmonella-annual-report-2011-508c.pdf Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="Salmonella">{{Cite web | title = Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/PDFs/salmonella-annual-report-2011-508c.pdf}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
-Children are the most likely to get salmonellosis. Young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to have severe infections. It is estimated that approximately 600 persons die each year with acute salmonellosis.
-<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm </ref>
-====Trends====
+===Age===
+The highest incidence of salmonellosis occurs in the age group 0-4. Older age groups also have a greater incidence.
-Half of salmonellosis cases are caused by 2 serotypes: S. Enteritidis (SE) and S. Typhimurium (ST). The proportion of salmonellosis caused by SE increased markedly from 1980 to 1995, but has decreased 22% since 1996. The incidence of ST decreased 24% since 1996, but an increasing proportion of isolates show resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. S. Newport has increased 32% from 1996 to 2001 to become the third most frequent serotype, with many isolates resistant to >9 [[antimicrobial drug]]s.
+===Gender===
-<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm </ref>
+The [[incidence]] of salmonellosis does not vary by gender.
-==Incidents of salmonellosis==
-In June 2006, the BBC reported that the Cadbury chocolate manufacturer withdrew a number of products when products contaminated with salmonella caused up to 56 cases of Salmonellosis.<ref name=Guardian_2006>{{cite news | title = Cadbury named over salmonella outbreak | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/food/Story/0,,1826262,00.html | publisher = Guardian Unlimited | date = [[2006]]-[[07-21]] | accessdate = 2007-09-09 }}</ref> The problems had been traced to a leaking pipe at a Cadbury plant in Herefordshire in  January 2006, though the announcement was not made until June.
-The U.S. Government reported that 16.3% of all chickens were contaminated with salmonella in 2005, and in the late 1990s as many as 20% were contaminated.<ref>{{cite web | first =  Marian | last = Burros | title = More Salmonella Is Reported in Chickens | publisher = The New York Times | date = [[March 8]], [[2006]] | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/dining/08well.html?ex=1179288000&en=1f7944fcd0d6fc64&ei=5070 | accessdate = 2007-05-13}}</ref>  In the mid to late twentieth century, ''Salmonella enterica'' serovar Enteritidis was a common contaminant of eggs. This is much less common now with the advent of hygiene measures in egg production and the vaccination of laying hens to prevent salmonella colonization. Many different salmonella serovars also cause severe diseases in animals other than human beings.
-In February 2007, the U.S. FDA issued a warning to consumers not to eat certain jars of Peter Pan peanut butter or Great Value peanut butter due to risk of contamination with 'Salmonella Tennessee'. [http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2007/NEW01563.html]
-In March 2007, around 150 people were diagnosed with salmonella-poisoning after eating tainted food at a governor's reception in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Over 1,500 people attended the ball on March 1 and fell ill as a consequence of ingesting salmonella-tainted sandwiches.
-In December 2007, about 150 people were sickened by salmonella-tainted chocolate cake produced by a major bakery chain in Singapore. [http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/316110/1/.html]
-==Four-Inch Law==
-The ''Four-Inch Law'' refers to a regulation passed by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] in 1975 outlawing the sale of turtles with a carapace length of less than four inches. Exceptions are present for scientific and educational use, export, and private sale.<ref>{{cite web | title = Human Health Hazards Associated with Turtles | publisher = U.S. Food and Drug Administration |  url = http://www.fda.gov/cvm/turtlereg.htm | accessdate = 2007-06-29}}</ref>
-The law was enacted, according to the FDA, "because of the public health impact of turtle-associated salmonellosis". There had been reported cases of young children placing small turtles in their mouths, which led to the size-based restriction.
 ==References==
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+[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
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