Congestive heart failure antiarrhythmic drugs: Difference between revisions

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(/* 2022 2017 AHA/ ACC/ HFSA Heart Failure Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT) {{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=1...)
 
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| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link= Congestive heart failure resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
| [[Acute decompensated heart failure resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
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{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
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| [[File:Critical_Pathways.gif|88px|link= Congestive heart failure critical pathways]]|| <br> || <br>
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{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}} {{EdzelCo}}


{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}}
==Overview==
[[Antiarrhythmic therapy]] can be considered as part of a [[therapeutic strategy]] to prevent [[sudden cardiac death]].  Over 50% of [[heart failure]] [[patients]] will have [[asymptomatic]] [[non-sustained [[ventricular tachycardia]] ([[NSVT]]) and it is generally not recommended that [[NSVT]] be treated. 


==Overview==
==Antiarrhythmic Drugs==
Antiarrhythmic therapy should be considered as a therapy to prevent [[sudden cardiac death]].  Over 50% of heart failure patients will have asymptomatic non-sustained [[ventricular tachycardia]] and there is no general indication for treatment of this arrhythmia. T here are multiple causes of the for [[sudden cardiac death]] in the patient with congestive heart failure which include not only [[arrhythmic]] causes, but also thrombotic and other causes:
There are multiple causes of [[sudden cardiac death]] in the [[patient]] with [[congestive heart failure]] which include not only [[arrhythmic]] causes, but also [[thrombotic]] and other causes:
*Arrhythmic causes
*Arrhythmic causes
*:[[Ventricular tachycardia]]
*:[[Ventricular tachycardia]]
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*:[[Bradyarrhythmias]]
*:[[Bradyarrhythmias]]


*Thrombotic causes:
*[[Thrombotic]] causes:
*:[[Acute MI]]
*:[[Acute MI]]
*:[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*:[[Pulmonary embolism]]
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*Other causes:
*Other causes:
*:[[Hyperkalemia]]
*:[[Hyperkalemia]]
 
==Metabolism of Antiarrhythmics in the setting of Congestive Heart Failure==
===[[Metabolism]] of [[Antiarrhythmics]] in the setting of [[Congestive Heart Failure]]===
Metabolisms of following anti-arrhythmic drugs are significantly affected in patients with [[congestive heart failure]] and care should be taken regarding their administration:
The [[metabolism]] of following [[anti-arrhythmic drugs]] are significantly affected in [[patients]] with [[congestive heart failure]] and care should be taken regarding their administration:


#[[Quinidine]]
#[[Quinidine]]
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#[[Amiodarone]]
#[[Amiodarone]]


Patients with congestive heart failure should not be treated with [[dronedarone]].
[[Patients]] with [[congestive heart failure]] should not be treated with [[dronedarone]].
 
== 2022 AHA/ ACC/ HFSA Heart Failure Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref> ==
 
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (Harm)
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.'''In [[patients]] with [[HFrEF]], class IC [[antiarrhythmic]] [[medications]] and [[dronedarone]] may increase the risk of [[mortality]]. <ref name="pmid1900101">{{cite journal| author=Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH | display-authors=etal| title=Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1991 | volume= 324 | issue= 12 | pages= 781-8 | pmid=1900101 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199103213241201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1900101  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8691967">{{cite journal| author=Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, Friedman PL, MacNeil DJ, Pauls JF | display-authors=etal| title=Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival With Oral d-Sotalol. | journal=Lancet | year= 1996 | volume= 348 | issue= 9019 | pages= 7-12 | pmid=8691967 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(96)02149-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8691967  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18565860">{{cite journal| author=Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJ, Gøtzsche O, Lévy S, Crijns H | display-authors=etal| title=Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2008 | volume= 358 | issue= 25 | pages= 2678-87 | pmid=18565860 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0800456 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18565860  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
 
=====[[Management]] of Stage C [[HF]]: [[Ivabadrine]]=====
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
 
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' For [[patients]] with [[symptomatic]] ([[NYHA]] class II to III) stable chronic [[HFrEF]] ([[LVEF]] ≤ 35%) who are receiving GDMT, including a [[beta blocker]] at maximum tolerated [[dose]], and who are in [[sinus rhythm]] with a [[heart rate]] of ≥70 bpm at rest, [[ivabradine]] can be beneficial to reduce [[HF]] [[hospitalizations]] and [[cardiovascular death]]. <ref name="pmid20801500">{{cite journal| author=Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A | display-authors=etal| title=Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2010 | volume= 376 | issue= 9744 | pages= 875-85 | pmid=20801500 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20801500  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22927555">{{cite journal| author=Borer JS, Böhm M, Ford I, Komajda M, Tavazzi L, Sendon JL | display-authors=etal| title=Effect of ivabradine on recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: the SHIFT Study. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 22 | pages= 2813-20 | pmid=22927555 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehs259 | pmc=3498004 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22927555  }} </ref>''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


==ACC/AHA Guidelines- Antiarrhythmic agents (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>==
|}
{{cquote|
===[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]===
'''1.''' Drugs known to adversely affect the clinical status of patients with current or prior symptoms of [[heart failure]] and reduced [[left ventricular ejection fraction]] ([[LVEF]]) should be avoided or withdrawn whenever possible (e.g., [[NSAID|nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], most [[Antiarrhythmic agent|antiarrhythmic drugs]], and most [[Calcium channel blocker|calcium channel blocking drugs]].<ref name="pmid9605782">{{cite journal |author=Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, Herings RM, Ottervanger JP, Stricker BH, Bakker A |title=NSAIDs associated with increased risk of congestive heart failure in elderly patients taking diuretics |journal=[[Archives of Internal Medicine]] |volume=158 |issue=10 |pages=1108–12 |year=1998 |month=May |pmid=9605782 |doi= |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9605782 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid2703968">{{cite journal |author=Herchuelz A, Derenne F, Deger F, Juvent M, Van Ganse E, Staroukine M, Verniory A, Boeynaems JM, Douchamps J |title=Interaction between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and loop diuretics: modulation by sodium balance |journal=[[The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics]] |volume=248 |issue=3 |pages=1175–81 |year=1989 |month=March |pmid=2703968 |doi= |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2703968 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid1529943">{{cite journal |author=Gottlieb SS, Robinson S, Krichten CM, Fisher ML |title=Renal response to indomethacin in congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy |journal=[[The American Journal of Cardiology]] |volume=70 |issue=9 |pages=890–3 |year=1992 |month=October |pmid=1529943 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002-9149(92)90733-F |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid1655327">{{cite journal |author=Bank AJ, Kubo SH, Rector TS, Heifetz SM, Williams RE |title=Local forearm vasodilation with intra-arterial administration of enalaprilat in humans |journal=[[Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics]] |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=314–21 |year=1991 |month=September |pmid=1655327 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid2473403">{{cite journal |author= |title=Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=321 |issue=6 |pages=406–12 |year=1989 |month=August |pmid=2473403 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198908103210629 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198908103210629?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid1377359">{{cite journal |author= |title=Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=327 |issue=4 |pages=227–33 |year=1992 |month=July |pmid=1377359 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199207233270403 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199207233270403 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid2476016">{{cite journal |author=Pratt CM, Eaton T, Francis M, Woolbert S, Mahmarian J, Roberts R, Young JB |title=The inverse relationship between baseline left ventricular ejection fraction and outcome of antiarrhythmic therapy: a dangerous imbalance in the risk-benefit ratio |journal=[[American Heart Journal]] |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=433–40 |year=1989 |month=September |pmid=2476016 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002-8703(89)90254-8 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''}}


==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
*[[The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure | The CHF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]
*[[The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure | The CHF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]


==Guidelines Resources==
==External Links==
*[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063.full.pdf 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines]<ref name="pmid35363499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW |title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=145 |issue=18 |pages=e895–e1032 |date=May 2022 |pmid=35363499 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063 |url=}} </ref>
 
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/12/e154.full.pdf The ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult] <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref>
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/12/e154.full.pdf The ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult] <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref>


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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 21:29, 22 June 2022
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[3]

Overview

Antiarrhythmic therapy can be considered as part of a therapeutic strategy to prevent sudden cardiac death. Over 50% of heart failure patients will have asymptomatic [[non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) and it is generally not recommended that NSVT be treated.

Antiarrhythmic Drugs

There are multiple causes of sudden cardiac death in the patient with congestive heart failure which include not only arrhythmic causes, but also thrombotic and other causes:

Metabolism of Antiarrhythmics in the setting of Congestive Heart Failure

The metabolism of following anti-arrhythmic drugs are significantly affected in patients with congestive heart failure and care should be taken regarding their administration:

  1. Quinidine
  2. Procainamide
  3. Disopyramide: Contraindicated in patients with heart failure.
  4. Moricizine
  5. Lidocaine
  6. Mexiletine
  7. Tocainide
  8. Flecainide
  9. Propafenone
  10. Amiodarone

Patients with congestive heart failure should not be treated with dronedarone.

2022 AHA/ ACC/ HFSA Heart Failure Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT) [1]

Class III (Harm)
"4.In patients with HFrEF, class IC antiarrhythmic medications and dronedarone may increase the risk of mortality. [2][3][4] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Management of Stage C HF: Ivabadrine
Class IIa
"1. For patients with symptomatic (NYHA class II to III) stable chronic HFrEF (LVEF ≤ 35%) who are receiving GDMT, including a beta blocker at maximum tolerated dose, and who are in sinus rhythm with a heart rate of ≥70 bpm at rest, ivabradine can be beneficial to reduce HF hospitalizations and cardiovascular death. [5][6](Level of Evidence: B-R) "

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM; et al. (2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e876–e894. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062. PMID 35363500 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH; et al. (1991). "Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial". N Engl J Med. 324 (12): 781–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199103213241201. PMID 1900101.
  3. ↑ Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, Friedman PL, MacNeil DJ, Pauls JF; et al. (1996). "Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival With Oral d-Sotalol". Lancet. 348 (9019): 7–12. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)02149-6. PMID 8691967.
  4. ↑ Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJ, Gøtzsche O, Lévy S, Crijns H; et al. (2008). "Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure". N Engl J Med. 358 (25): 2678–87. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0800456. PMID 18565860.
  5. ↑ Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A; et al. (2010). "Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study". Lancet. 376 (9744): 875–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1. PMID 20801500.
  6. ↑ Borer JS, Böhm M, Ford I, Komajda M, Tavazzi L, Sendon JL; et al. (2012). "Effect of ivabradine on recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: the SHIFT Study". Eur Heart J. 33 (22): 2813–20. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs259. PMC 3498004. PMID 22927555.
  7. ↑ Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW (May 2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e895–e1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. PMID 35363499 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. ↑ Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202
  9. ↑ Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 PMID: 19324967

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