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| {{Ebola}}
| | #REDIRECT[[Ebola virus]] |
| {{CMG}}
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| ==Overview==
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| Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola fever) is caused by a virus belonging to the family called [[Filoviridae]]. Scientists have identified four types of the Ebola virus. Three have been reported to cause [[disease]] in humans: Ebola-Zaire virus, Ebola-Sudan virus, and Ebola-Ivory Coast virus. The human disease has so far been limited to parts of Africa.
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| A very small number of people in the United States who were infected with the fourth type of the virus, known as Ebola Reston, did not develop any signs of disease.
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| The disease can be passed to humans from infected animals and animal materials. Ebola can also be spread between humans by close contact with infected bodily fluids or through infected [[needles]] in the hospital.
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| ===Viral reservoirs===
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| Despite numerous studies, the wildlife reservoir of ''Ebolavirus'' has not been identified. Between 1976 and 1998, from 30,000 mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and arthropods sampled from outbreak regions, no ''Ebolavirus'' was detected <ref name="Pourrut2005">{{cite journal |last=Pourrut |first=Xavier |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |month= |title=The natural history of Ebola virus in Africa |journal=Microbes and Infection |volume=7 |issue=7-8 |pages=1005-1014 |doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2005.04.006 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> apart from some genetic material found in six rodents (''Mus setulosus'' and ''Praomys'' species) and a [[shrew]] (''Sylvisorex ollula'') collected from the [[Central African Republic]] in 1998.<ref name="Morvan1999">{{cite journal |last=Morvan |first=Jaques |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=1999 |month= |title=Identification of Ebola virus sequences present as RNA or DNA in organs of terrestrial small mammals of the Central African Republic |journal=Microbes and Infection |volume=1 |issue=14 |pages=1193-1201 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(99)00242-7 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> ''Ebolavirus'' was detected in the carcasses of [[gorilla]]s, chimpanzees and [[duiker]]s during outbreaks in 2001 and 2003 (the carcasses were the source of the initial human infections) but the high mortality from infection in these species precludes them from acting as reservoirs.<ref name="Pourrut2005" />
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| [[Plant]]s, [[arthropods]], and birds have also been considered as reservoirs, however bats are considered the most likely candidate<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Fruit bats may carry Ebola virus |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4484494.stm |work=BBC News |publisher= |date=2005-12-11 |accessdate=2008-02-25 }}</ref>. Bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in which the index cases for the 1976 and 1979 outbreaks were employed and have also been implicated in Marburg infections in 1975 and 1980.<ref name="Pourrut2005" /> Of 24 plant species and 19 vertebrate species experimentally inoculated with ''Ebolavirus'', only bats became infected.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Swanepoel |first=R |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=1996 |month= |title=Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=2 |issue= |pages=321-325 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol2no4/swanepo2.htm |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> The absence of clinical signs in these bats is characteristic of a reservoir species. In 2002-03, a survey of 1,030 animals from [[Gabon]] and the [[Republic of the Congo]] including 679 bats found ''Ebolavirus'' RNA in 13 [[fruit bats]] (''Hyspignathus monstrosus, Epomops franquetti and Myonycteris torquata'').<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leroy |first=Eric |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |month= |title=Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue= |pages=575-576 |doi=10.1038/438575a |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Bats are also known to be the reservoirs for a number of related viruses including [[Nipah virus]], [[Hendra virus]] and [[lyssavirus]]es.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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