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== Overview ==
== Overview ==
'''Reticulocytes''' are immature [[red blood cell]]s, typically composing about 1% of the red cells in the human body.   
'''Reticulocytes''' are immature [[red blood cell]]s, typically composing about 1% of the red cells in the human body.   
Reticulocytes develop and mature in the red [[bone marrow]] and then circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells. Like mature red blood cells, reticulocytes do not have a [[cell nucleus]].
Reticulocytes develop and mature in the red [[bone marrow]] and then circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells. Like mature red blood cells, reticulocytes do not have a [[cell nucleus]].
They are called reticulocytes because of a reticular (mesh-like) network of [[ribosome|ribosomal]] [[RNA]] that becomes visible under a microscope with certain stains such as [[new methylene blue]].
They are called reticulocytes because of a reticular (mesh-like) network of [[ribosome|ribosomal]] [[RNA]] that becomes visible under a microscope with certain stains such as [[new methylene blue]].


Reticulocytes appear slightly bluer than other red cells when looked at with the normal [[Romanowsky stain]]. Reticulocytes are also slightly larger, which can be picked up as a high MCV ([[mean corpuscular volume]]) with a [[full blood count]] done by a trained medical scientist, who has specialized in haematology, or a machine. <ref>[http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/index.asp The Disease Database]</ref> <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
==Differential Diagnosis of Reticulocytosis==
An elevation in the number of reticulocytes is called reticulocytosis. There are numerous causes of reticulocytosis.


==Reticulocyte count==
===By Organ System===
{|height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antimetabolite]] medication, [[Chemotherapy]], Chronic [[alcoholism]], [[Drug induced anemia]], Drug induced [[bone marrow suppression]], [[Methotrexate]] ,[[Olsalazine]], ([[Rheumatrex]])
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Addison's disease]] ([[chronic adrenal insufficiency]]), [[Adrenocortical insufficiency|Adrenocorticoid (Isolated) Deficiency]], [[androgen deficiency]], [[Hypogonadism]], [[Hypothyroidism]] ([[myxedema]])
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Liver disease/Liver disorders
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Klinefelter's syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Acquired sideroblastic anemia]], [[AML|Acute Myelogenous/Blastic Leukemia]] [[AML]], [[Anemia of chronic disease]], Anemia of [[uremia]], [[Aplastic anemia]], congenital [[aplastic anemia]], congenital folate malabsorption, [[Fanconi's anemia|Fanconi's pancytopenia-dysmelia syndrome]], [[Folate]] depletion, [[Folic acid deficiency]] anemia, Hemoglobin H disease, [[Hereditary elliptocytosis]], Hereditary [[sideroblastic anemia]], [[Iron deficiency anemia]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]]/malignant, [[Megaloblastic anemia]], [[Megaloblastic anemia]] of [[pregnancy]], [[Myelophthisic anemia]], [[Myeloproliferative disease]], [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]], [[Pellagra]]/[[niacin deficiency]], [[Pernicious anemia]], Primary [[Myelofibrosis]]/[[Myeloid metaplasia]], Sideroblastic anemia-Siderochrestic, Refractory [[megaloblastic anemia]], Secondary [[myelofibrosis]], [[Thalassemia major]], [[Thalassemia minor]], Thalassemia-hemoglobin C disease, [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abscesses]], [[Bacteremia]]/[[Septicemia]], Infected organ, [[Parvovirus]] Infection/[[Parvovirus B19]], Posthepatitic [[aplastic anemia]], [[Tuberculosis]] of bone marrow
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia of malnutrition]], Anemia of [[uremia]], [[Folate]] depletion, [[Folic acid deficiency]] anemia, Folic acid dependency/metabolic defect, Impaired [[folic acid]] metabolism, Inadequate Folic acid in diet, [[Iron deficiency anemia]], Iron deficient diet, [[Kwashiorkor]] (protein deficiency,severe), [[Malnutrition]]/Starvation, Malabsorption of folic acid, [[Megaloblastic anemia]] of pregnancy [[Pellagra]]/[[niacin deficiency]], [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Megaloblastic anemia]] of pregnancy
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[AML|Acute Myelogenous/Blastic Leukemia]] [[AML]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]]/malignant, [[Myeloproliferative disease]], [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]], Primary [[Myelofibrosis]]/[[Myeloid metaplasia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Antimetabolite]] medication, Chronic [[alcoholism]], [[Chemotherapy]], [[Drug induced anemia]], Drug induced [[bone marrow suppression]], [[Methotrexate]] ([[Rheumatrex]])
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  Anemia of [[uremia]],  [[Chronic renal failure]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Hypogonadism]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lead poisoning]], Tetraethyl lead poisoning
|-
|}


The reticulocyte count is the percentage of circulating red blood cells that are in the reticulocyte stage.
===In Alphabetical Order===
* Acquired [[sideroblastic anemia]]
* [[Addison's disease]] ([[chronic adrenal insufficiency]])
* [[Adrenocortical Insufficiency|Adrenocorticoid (Isolated) Deficiency]]
* [[Acute Myelogenous/Blastic Leukemia|AML]] ([[AML]])
* [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]
* [[Anemia of chronic disease]]
* [[Anemia]] of malnutrition
* Anemia of [[uremia]]
* [[Antimetabolite|Antimetabolite medication Administration/Toxicity]]
* [[Aplastic anemia]]
* [[Aplastic anemia]] crisis
* [[Bacteremia]]/[[Septicemia]]
* [[Chemotherapy]], [[cancer]] (anti-neoplastic)
* Chronic [[alcoholism]]
* [[Chronic liver disease]]
* [[Chronic renal failure]]
* Combined system disease/[[pernicious anemia]]
* Congenital [[aplastic anemia]]
* [[Congenital folate malabsorption]]
* [[Drug induced anemia]]
* Drug induced [[Bone marrow suppression]].
* Fanconi's pancytopenia-dysmelia syndrome
* [[Folate]] depletion
* [[Folic acid deficiency]] anemia
* Folic acid dependency/metabolic defect
* Hemoglobin H disease
* [[Hereditary elliptocytosis]]
* Hereditary [[sideroblastic anemia]]
* [[Hypogonadism]],
* [[Hypothyroidism]] ([[myxedema]])
* Impaired folic acid metabolism
* Inadequate Folic acid in diet
* Infected organ, Abscesses
* [[Iron deficiency anemia]]
* Iron deficient diet
* [[Klinefelter's syndrome]]
* [[Kwashiorkor]] (severe protein deficiency)
* [[Lead poisoning]]
* [[Leukemia]]
* Liver disease/Liver disorders
* Malabsorption of folic acid
* [[Malnutrition]]/[[Starvation]]
* [[Megaloblastic anemia]]
* [[Megaloblastic anemia]] of [[pregnancy]]
* [[Methotrexate]] ([[Rheumatrex]]) Administration/Toxicity
* [[Myeloid metaplasia]] pathophysiology
* [[Myelophthisic anemia]]
* [[Myeloproliferative disease]]
* [[Non-Hodgkins lymphoma]]/malignant,
* [[Parvovirus]] Infection/[[Parvovirus B19]]
* [[Pellagra]]/[[niacin deficiency]]
* [[Pernicious anemia]]
* Posthepatitic [[aplastic anemia]]
* Postirradiation effects
* Primary [[Myelofibrosis]]/[[Myeloid metaplasia]]
* Radiation exposure
* Refractory [[megaloblastic anemia]]
* Secondary [[myelofibrosis]]
* Severe, acute [[Radiation sickness]]
* [[Sideroblastic Anemia]] Siderochrestic
* Tetraethyl lead poisoning
* [[Thalassemia major]]
* [[Thalassemia minor]]
* Thalassemia-hemoglobin C disease
* [[Tuberculosis]] of bone marrow
* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]


To accurately measure reticulocyte counts, automated [[flow cytometry|counters]] that use lasers mark cell samples with fluorescent dye that marks [[RNA]] and [[DNA]] (such as thiazole orange).<ref>{{cite book | author=Davis BH, Bigelow NC | year=1994 | chapter=Reticulocyte analysis and reticulocute maturity index | title=Flow cytometry. Methods in Cell Biology | volume=42 | editor=Darzynkiewicz Z, Crissman HA (eds.) | pages=263&ndash;74 | location=San Diego | publisher=Academic Press | isbn=0-12203-052-4 }}</ref> This distinguishes reticulocytes as the middle ground of dye response to laser light, between red blood cells (which have neither RNA nor DNA) and [[lymphocyte]]s (which have a large amount of DNA, unlike reticulocytes).<ref>http://www.medicaldesign.com/articles/ID/532</ref>
==Diagnosis==
 
===Laboratory Findings===
The normal range of values for reticulocytes in the blood depends on the clinical situation and the lab, but broadly speaking is 0.5% to 1.5%. However, if a person has anaemia, their reticulocyte percentage should be higher than "normal" if the bone marrow's ability to produce new blood cells remains intact. Thus, calculating the [[reticulocyte production index]] is an important step in understanding whether the reticulocyte count is appropriate or inappropriate to the situation. This is often a more important question than whether the percentage is in the normal range; for instance, if someone is anemic but only has a reticulocyte percentage of 1%, this means that the bone marrow is likely not producing new blood cells at a rate that will correct the anemia. The number of reticulocytes is a good indicator of [[bone marrow]] activity, because it represents recent production. This means that the reticulocyte count, and the reticulocyte production index that can be calculated from it, can be used to determine whether a production problem is contributing to the anaemia, and can also be used to monitor the progress of treatment for anaemia.   
* Reticulocytes appear slightly bluer than other red cells when looked at with the normal [[Romanowsky stain]].
 
* Reticulocytes are also slightly larger, which can be picked up as a high MCV ([[mean corpuscular volume]]) with a [[full blood count]] done by a trained medical scientist, who has specialized in haematology, or a machine. <ref>[http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/index.asp The Disease Database]</ref> <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
The specimen requirement for a reticulocyte count is [[EDTA]] anti-coagulated whole blood (lavender-top bottle if using the [[Vacutainer]]&reg;, Vacuette&reg; or Monoject&reg; systems; red-top if using the S-Monovette&reg; system).   
* The reticulocyte count is the percentage of circulating red blood cells that are in the reticulocyte stage.
 
* To accurately measure reticulocyte counts, automated [[flow cytometry|counters]] that use lasers mark cell samples with fluorescent dye that marks [[RNA]] and [[DNA]] (such as thiazole orange).<ref>{{cite book | author=Davis BH, Bigelow NC | year=1994 | chapter=Reticulocyte analysis and reticulocute maturity index | title=Flow cytometry. Methods in Cell Biology | volume=42 | editor=Darzynkiewicz Z, Crissman HA (eds.) | pages=263&ndash;74 | location=San Diego | publisher=Academic Press | isbn=0-12203-052-4 }}</ref>  
When there is an increased production of red blood cells to overcome chronic or severe loss of mature red blood cells, such as in a [[haemolytic anaemia]], people often have a markedly high number and percentage of reticulocytes. A very high number of reticulocytes in the blood can be described as [[reticulocytosis]].
* This distinguishes reticulocytes as the middle ground of dye response to laser light, between red blood cells (which have neither RNA nor DNA) and [[lymphocyte]]s (which have a large amount of DNA, unlike reticulocytes).<ref>http://www.medicaldesign.com/articles/ID/532</ref>
 
* The normal range of values for reticulocytes in the blood depends on the clinical situation and the lab, but broadly speaking is 0.5% to 1.5%.  
Abnormally low numbers of reticulocytes can be attributed to [[chemotherapy]], [[aplastic anaemia]], [[pernicious anaemia]], [[bone marrow]] malignancies, problems of [[erythropoietin]] production, or other causes of [[anaemia]] due to poor [[RBC]] production.
* However, if a person has anaemia, their reticulocyte percentage should be higher than "normal" if the bone marrow's ability to produce new blood cells remains intact.
* Thus, calculating the [[reticulocyte production index]] is an important step in understanding whether the reticulocyte count is appropriate or inappropriate to the situation.  
* This is often a more important question than whether the percentage is in the normal range; for instance, if someone is anemic but only has a reticulocyte percentage of 1%, this means that the bone marrow is likely not producing new blood cells at a rate that will correct the anemia.
* The number of reticulocytes is a good indicator of [[bone marrow]] activity, because it represents recent production.  
* This means that the reticulocyte count, and the reticulocyte production index that can be calculated from it, can be used to determine whether a production problem is contributing to the anaemia, and can also be used to monitor the progress of treatment for anaemia.   
* The specimen requirement for a reticulocyte count is [[EDTA]] anti-coagulated whole blood (lavender-top bottle if using the [[Vacutainer]]&reg;, Vacuette&reg; or Monoject&reg; systems; red-top if using the S-Monovette&reg; system).   
* When there is an increased production of red blood cells to overcome chronic or severe loss of mature red blood cells, such as in a [[haemolytic anaemia]], people often have a markedly high number and percentage of reticulocytes.
* A very high number of reticulocytes in the blood can be described as [[reticulocytosis]].
* Abnormally low numbers of reticulocytes can be attributed to [[chemotherapy]], [[aplastic anaemia]], [[pernicious anaemia]], [[bone marrow]] malignancies, problems of [[erythropoietin]] production, or other causes of [[anaemia]] due to poor [[RBC]] production.


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==See also==
==Related Chapters==
* [[Reticulocyte index]]
* [[Reticulocyte index]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Blood}}
{{SIB}}
[[es:Reticulocito]]
[[es:Reticulocito]]
[[fr:Réticulocyte]]
[[fr:Réticulocyte]]

Latest revision as of 21:30, 23 February 2015

Reticulocyte
Peripheral blood; Reticulocyte.
© Image courtesy of Nivaldo Medeiros MD and published with permission

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, typically composing about 1% of the red cells in the human body. Reticulocytes develop and mature in the red bone marrow and then circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells. Like mature red blood cells, reticulocytes do not have a cell nucleus. They are called reticulocytes because of a reticular (mesh-like) network of ribosomal RNA that becomes visible under a microscope with certain stains such as new methylene blue.

Differential Diagnosis of Reticulocytosis

An elevation in the number of reticulocytes is called reticulocytosis. There are numerous causes of reticulocytosis.

By Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Antimetabolite medication, Chemotherapy, Chronic alcoholism, Drug induced anemia, Drug induced bone marrow suppression, Methotrexate ,Olsalazine, (Rheumatrex)
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Addison's disease (chronic adrenal insufficiency), Adrenocorticoid (Isolated) Deficiency, androgen deficiency, Hypogonadism, Hypothyroidism (myxedema)
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Liver disease/Liver disorders
Genetic Klinefelter's syndrome
Hematologic Acquired sideroblastic anemia, Acute Myelogenous/Blastic Leukemia AML, Anemia of chronic disease, Anemia of uremia, Aplastic anemia, congenital aplastic anemia, congenital folate malabsorption, Fanconi's pancytopenia-dysmelia syndrome, Folate depletion, Folic acid deficiency anemia, Hemoglobin H disease, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Hereditary sideroblastic anemia, Iron deficiency anemia, Leukemia, Lymphoma/malignant, Megaloblastic anemia, Megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy, Myelophthisic anemia, Myeloproliferative disease, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, Pellagra/niacin deficiency, Pernicious anemia, Primary Myelofibrosis/Myeloid metaplasia, Sideroblastic anemia-Siderochrestic, Refractory megaloblastic anemia, Secondary myelofibrosis, Thalassemia major, Thalassemia minor, Thalassemia-hemoglobin C disease, Vitamin B12 deficiency
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Abscesses, Bacteremia/Septicemia, Infected organ, Parvovirus Infection/Parvovirus B19, Posthepatitic aplastic anemia, Tuberculosis of bone marrow
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic Anemia of malnutrition, Anemia of uremia, Folate depletion, Folic acid deficiency anemia, Folic acid dependency/metabolic defect, Impaired folic acid metabolism, Inadequate Folic acid in diet, Iron deficiency anemia, Iron deficient diet, Kwashiorkor (protein deficiency,severe), Malnutrition/Starvation, Malabsorption of folic acid, Megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy Pellagra/niacin deficiency, Vitamin B12 deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy
Oncologic Acute Myelogenous/Blastic Leukemia AML, Leukemia, Lymphoma/malignant, Myeloproliferative disease, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, Primary Myelofibrosis/Myeloid metaplasia
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Antimetabolite medication, Chronic alcoholism, Chemotherapy, Drug induced anemia, Drug induced bone marrow suppression, Methotrexate (Rheumatrex)
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Anemia of uremia, Chronic renal failure
Rheum / Immune / Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual Hypogonadism
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Lead poisoning, Tetraethyl lead poisoning

In Alphabetical Order

Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

  • Reticulocytes appear slightly bluer than other red cells when looked at with the normal Romanowsky stain.
  • Reticulocytes are also slightly larger, which can be picked up as a high MCV (mean corpuscular volume) with a full blood count done by a trained medical scientist, who has specialized in haematology, or a machine. [1] [2] [3]
  • The reticulocyte count is the percentage of circulating red blood cells that are in the reticulocyte stage.
  • To accurately measure reticulocyte counts, automated counters that use lasers mark cell samples with fluorescent dye that marks RNA and DNA (such as thiazole orange).[4]
  • This distinguishes reticulocytes as the middle ground of dye response to laser light, between red blood cells (which have neither RNA nor DNA) and lymphocytes (which have a large amount of DNA, unlike reticulocytes).[5]
  • The normal range of values for reticulocytes in the blood depends on the clinical situation and the lab, but broadly speaking is 0.5% to 1.5%.
  • However, if a person has anaemia, their reticulocyte percentage should be higher than "normal" if the bone marrow's ability to produce new blood cells remains intact.
  • Thus, calculating the reticulocyte production index is an important step in understanding whether the reticulocyte count is appropriate or inappropriate to the situation.
  • This is often a more important question than whether the percentage is in the normal range; for instance, if someone is anemic but only has a reticulocyte percentage of 1%, this means that the bone marrow is likely not producing new blood cells at a rate that will correct the anemia.
  • The number of reticulocytes is a good indicator of bone marrow activity, because it represents recent production.
  • This means that the reticulocyte count, and the reticulocyte production index that can be calculated from it, can be used to determine whether a production problem is contributing to the anaemia, and can also be used to monitor the progress of treatment for anaemia.
  • The specimen requirement for a reticulocyte count is EDTA anti-coagulated whole blood (lavender-top bottle if using the Vacutainer®, Vacuette® or Monoject® systems; red-top if using the S-Monovette® system).
  • When there is an increased production of red blood cells to overcome chronic or severe loss of mature red blood cells, such as in a haemolytic anaemia, people often have a markedly high number and percentage of reticulocytes.
  • A very high number of reticulocytes in the blood can be described as reticulocytosis.
  • Abnormally low numbers of reticulocytes can be attributed to chemotherapy, aplastic anaemia, pernicious anaemia, bone marrow malignancies, problems of erythropoietin production, or other causes of anaemia due to poor RBC production.
  • Reticulocyte

    Reticulocyte

  • Erythrocyte

    Erythrocyte

Related Chapters

References

  1. ↑ The Disease Database
  2. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  3. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
  4. ↑ Davis BH, Bigelow NC (1994). "Reticulocyte analysis and reticulocute maturity index". In Darzynkiewicz Z, Crissman HA (eds.). Flow cytometry. Methods in Cell Biology. 42. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 263&ndash, 74. ISBN 0-12203-052-4.
  5. ↑ http://www.medicaldesign.com/articles/ID/532

he:רטיקולוציט id:Retikulosit fi:Retikulosyytti sq:Retikulociti


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