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Latest revision as of 22:27, 26 January 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Ujjwal Rastogi, M.B.B.S. [2], Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[3], Rohan A. Bhimani, M.B.B.S., D.N.B., M.Ch.[4]

Overview

A clinical prediction rule is type of medical research study in which researchers try to identify the best combination of medical sign, symptoms, and other findings in predicting the probability of a specific disease or outcome.^[1]

Physicians have difficulty in estimated risks of diseases; frequently erring towards overestimation^[2], perhaps due to cognitive biases such as base rate fallacy in which the risk of an adverse outcome is exaggerated.

Methods

In a prediction rule study, investigators identify a consecutive group of patients who are suspected of a having a specific disease or outcome. The investigators then compare the value of clinical findings available to the physician versus the results of more intensive testing or the results of delayed clinical follow up.

A survey of methods concluded "the majority of prediction studies in high impact journals do not follow current methodological recommendations, limiting their reliability and applicability."^[3]

Effect on Health Outcomes

Few prediction rules have had the consequences of their usage by physicians quantified.^[4]

When studied, the impact of providing the information alone (for example, providing the calculated probability of disease) has been negative.^[5]^[6]

However, when the prediction rule is implemented as part of a critical pathway, so that a hospital or clinic has procedures and policies established for how to manage patients identified as high or low risk of disease, the prediction rule has more impact on clinical outcomes.^[7]

The more intensively the prediction rule is implemented the more benefit will occur.^[8]

Examples of Prediction Rules

Cardiovascular Diseases

Acute MI / Unstable Angina

For the main page on acute coronary syndromes, click here

Risk Score	Year	Purpose
TIMI risk score	2000	Unstable Angina
TIMI risk score	2000	STEMI
Morrow et al (TIME II substudy)^[9]	2001	Predicting mortality in STEMI
Silver et al^[10]	1994	To predict preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients after MI
The GRACE risk score	2003	For risk of death in NSTEMI
ACI-TIPI risk score^[11]	1991	To assess the likelihood of patients having acute cardiac ischemia and thus the appropriateness of admitting them to the coronary care unit (CCU)
Goldman algorithm^[12]	1988	To predict the likelihood that a patient has a myocardial infarction
Hathaway et al^[13]	1998	Prognosis based on initial ECG
Selker et al^[14]	1991	Risk of death in AMI
Piombo et al^[15]	2003	To stratify risk in unstable angina
Solomon et al^[16]	2001	To identify which patients benefit from immediate coronary angiography and revascularization
Sabatine et al^[17]	2001	To identify the benefit of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy in patients with unstable angina pectoris

Stroke, Atrial Fibrillation

Risk Score	Year	Purpose
HAS-BLED	2010	Bleeding risk stratification score for those on oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation
ABCD 2^[18]	2010	Stroke risk with TIA
CHA2DS2-VASc Score	2009	To predict clinical risk of stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation
Schnabel et al^[19] Framingham Heart Study^[5]	2009	10 years risk of Atrial fibrillation
HEMORR2HAGES^[20]	2006	Bleeding Risk Score
ABCD^[21]	2005	Stroke risk after TIA
van Walraven et al^[22]	2003	Stroke risk - atrial fib
Wang et al^[23]	2003	To predict 1 year stroke mortality
Counsel et al^[24]	2003	Acute stroke prognosis (6 variable score)
Wang et al^[25] Framingham Heart Study^[6]	2003	Stroke after Atrial fibrillation
Wang et al^[25] Framingham Heart Study^[7]	2003	Stroke or death after Atrial fibrillation
Efstathiou et al^[26]	2002	To differentiate Ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke
Lumley et al^[27]	2002	To predict stroke in elderly
CHADS2	2001	Risk of stroke with AFIB
Baird et al^[28]	2001	To predict stroke recovery
Wang et al^[29]	2001	To predict 30 days stroke mortality
NIH Stroke Scale^[30]	1999	To predicts the likelihood of a patient's recovery after stroke
Cincinnati stroke scale^[31]	1999	Stroke diagnosis
D'Agostino et al^[32] Framingham Heart Study ^[8]	1994	Risk of stroke

Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

Risk Score	Year	Purpose
Wells score	2000	Pulmonary embolism

Hypertension, Lipid and Screening

Risk Score	Year	Purpose
Parikh et al^[33] Framingham Heart Study^[9]	2008	Hypertension risk score
NCEP ATP III^[34]	2001	Screening: lipid guideline
Krijnen et al ^[35]	1998	To predict renal artery stenosis
Murabito et al^[36] Framingham Heart Study^[10]	1997	Intermittent claudication

Chest Pain and CAD

Risk Score	Year	Purpose
Panic Screening Score^[37]	2011	Screening score to improve recognition of panic-like anxiety in emergency department (ED) patients with unexplained chest pain
Pencina et al^[38] Framingham Heart Study^[11]	2009	30-year risk of cardiovascular disease
North American Chest Pain Rule^[39]	2008	For early discharge of patients with chest pain
Vancouver chest pain rule^[40]	2006	For early discharge of patients with chest pain
Duke treadmill score ^[41]	1999	To risk-stratify patients with ST-T abnormalities on the resting ECG
Wilson et al^[42] Framingham Heart Study^[12]	1998	10-year risk of coronary heart disease
Diamond et al ^[43]	1979	Pretest probability of CAD

Angioplasty

Risk Score	Year	Purpose
Halkin et al^[44]	2005	Angioplasty complication rate
Fortescue et al^[45]	2003	Angioplasty complication rate
Singh et al^[46]	2002	Angioplasty complication rate
Resnic et al^[47]	2001	Angioplasty complication rate
Moscucci et al^[48]	2001	Mortality after angioplasty

Valve and Endocarditis

Risk Score	Year	Purpose
Otto et al^[49]	1988	AV replacement in aortic stenosis.
Koplan et al^[50]	2003	To predict the need for permanent pacing after cardiac valve surgery
Hasbun et al^[51]	2003	Endocarditis prognosis

Others

Risk Score	Year	Purpose
Feringa et al^[52]	2007	Peripheral vascular disease prognosis.

Orthopedics Scores

Risk Score	Purpose
Open Fractures
Mangled Extremity Score^[53]	Clinician completed the score to determine which mangled limbs will eventually come to amputation.
Ganga Hospital Open Injury Score (GHOIS)^[54]	Clinician completed the score to help them in decision making regarding salvage in IIIB injuries.
Knee (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)
Modified Cincinnati Rating system^[55]	Clinician and patient completed the score for evaluation of functional activity levels after surgery.
Tegner Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale^[56]	Clinician and patient completed score for evaluation of functional activity levels after surgery.
KOOS (Knee Injury & Osteoarthritis Outcome)^[57]	Patient completed the score to assess response to surgery and physical therapy for patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Foot/Ankle
American Foot & Ankle Score^[58]	Clinician completed the score to provide a standard method of reporting clinical status of the ankle and foot.
Foot & Ankle Disability Index^[59]	Patient completed the score for to assess functional limitations related to foot and ankle conditions.
Wrist
MAYO Wrist Score^[60]	Clinician completed the score to assess the outcome folowign management of scaphoid fractures.
DASH (Disabilities of arm, shoulder & hand) Score^[61]	Patient completed the score to measure physical function and symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb.
Quick-DASH Score^[62]	Patient completed score to determine the disability experienced by patients with any musculoskeletal condition of the upper extremity and to monitor change in symptoms and upper limb function over time. It is a shortened version of the DASH.
Hand
Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire^[63]	Patient completed the score which allowed assessment of activity of daily living in patients with hand disability.
DASH (Disabilities of arm, shoulder & hand) Score^[64]	Patient completed the score to measure physical function and symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb.
Quick-DASH Score^[62]	Patient completed score to determine the disability experienced by patients with any musculoskeletal condition of the upper extremity and to monitor change in symptoms and upper limb function over time. It is a shortened version of the DASH.
Lumbar Spine
Oswestry Low Back Pain Score^[65]	Patient completed the score to determine the disability experienced by patients with low back pain.
Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Score^[66]	Patient completed score to determine the disability experienced by patients with low back pain before and after the surgery.
Back Pain Index^[67]	Patient completed the score to determine how back condition affects their everyday life.
Cervical Spine
Vernon & Mior Cervical Spine Score^[68]	Patient completed score to how their neck pain has affected their ability to manage in everyday life.
Hip
Harris Hip Score^[69]^[70]	Clinician completed score for the assessment of the results of hip surgery, and is intended to evaluate various hip disabilities and methods of treatment in an adult population.
Oxford Hip Score ^[71]^[72]	Patient completed score for to assess outcome after total hip replacement (THR) by measuring patients' perceptions in adjunction to surgery.
HOOS (Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome)^[73]	Patient completed the score to give their opinion about their hip and associated problems, and is intended to be used in an adult population with hip disability with or without osteoarthritis.
WOMAC Score^[74]^[75]	Patient completed score for for measuring quality of life (QOL) in patient suffering from osteoarthritis.
Knee (Osteo Arthritis)
Oxford Knee Score^[76]	Patient completed score to assess the severity of disability from osteoarthritis before and after 6 months of surgery.
KOOS (Knee Injury & Osteoarthritis Outcome)^[57]	Patient completed the score to assess severity in patients with osteoarthritis.
WOMAC Score^[74]^[75]	Patient completed the score for measuring quality of life (QOL) in patient suffering from osteoarthritis.
IKDC^[77]	Patient completed the score for evaluation of functional activity levels.
Knee Society Score (KSS)^[78]	Clinician completed score to assess objective knee disability, patient satisfaction and expectation level, and functional activity level.
Shoulder
Constant Shoulder Score^[79]	Clinician completed the score for clinical functional assessment for shoulder complaints before and after surgery.
UCLA Shoulder rating scale^[80]	Clinician completed the score to assess diability, pain and patient satisfaction.
Oxford Shoulder Score^[81]	Patient completed the score for assessment of pain and function of the shoulder.
American Shoulder And Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Society Score ^[82]	Patient completed the score for assessing activities of daily living (ADL).
DASH (Disabilities of arm, shoulder & hand) Score^[83]	Patient completed the score to measure physical function and symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb.
Quick-DASH Score^[62]	Patient completed score to determine the disability experienced by patients with any musculoskeletal condition of the upper extremity and to monitor change in symptoms and upper limb function over time. It is a shortened version of the DASH.
Shoulder (Instability)
Rowe Score for Instability^[84]	Clinician completed the score for assessing stability, motion and function after the surgery for shoulder instability.
Oxford Shoulder Instability Score^[85]	Patient completed score for assessing the outcome of treatment for shoulder instability.
WOSI (Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index)^[86]	Patient completed the score for measuring disease-specific quality of life in patient suffering from shoulder instability.
Elbow
MAYO Elbow Score^[87]	Clinician completed the score for evaluating disability associated with elbow injuries.
Oxford Elbow Score^[88]	Patient completed score to measures injury-related quality of life in patients following surgery of the elbow joint
DASH (Disabilities of arm, shoulder & hand) Score^[89]	Patient completed the score to measure physical function and symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb.
Quick-DASH Score^[62]	Patient completed score to determine the disability experienced by patients with any musculoskeletal condition of the upper extremity and to monitor change in symptoms and upper limb function over time. It is a shortened version of the DASH.
VAS
VAS Score^[90]	Clinician and patient completed the score for evaluation of pain severity and relief.
Psychological
DRAM (Distress and Risk Assessment Method)^[91]	Patient completed the score to measure psychological distress in patients presenting for orthopaedic care.

Other Organ System

Rules predicting complications in diseased patients
Risk Score	Purpose
Gastroentestinal diseases
Ranson criteria	To predict the severity of acute pancreatitis
Tygerberg score	To differentiate tuberculosis as a cause of pericarditis
MELD	To assess the severity of chronic liver disease
Orthopedic diseases
QFracture score [13]	Osteoporosis
Ottawa ankle rules	To decide for offering Xray to patient with foot or ankle pain
Respiratory diseases
Pneumonia severity index	To calculate the probability of morbidityand mortality among patients with community acquired pneumonia
CURB-65	To predict mortality in community-acquired pneumonia
Apnea-hypopnea index	To assess the overall severity of sleep apnea
Amar et al^[92]	To calculate pulmonary complications after thoracic surgery for primary Lung Cancer

Various rules are used in the Intensive Care Unit and are grouped as ICU scoring systems (Glasgow coma scale, Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale, APACHE II, SAPS II, PIM2).

Adverse Effects

Patients may not be comfortable with the way a doctor may integrate decision support into practice.^[93]

References

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↑ Friedmann PD, Brett AS, Mayo-Smith MF (1996). "Differences in generalists' and cardiologists' perceptions of cardiovascular risk and the outcomes of preventive therapy in cardiovascular disease". Ann. Intern. Med. 124 (4): 414–21. PMID 8554250.
↑ Bouwmeester W, Zuithoff NP, Mallett S, Geerlings MI, Vergouwe Y, Steyerberg EW; et al. (2012). "Reporting and methods in clinical prediction research: a systematic review". PLoS Med. 9 (5): e1001221. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001221. PMID 22629234.
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↑ Sabatine MS, Januzzi JL, Snapinn S, Théroux P, Jang IK (2001). "A risk score system for predicting adverse outcomes and magnitude of benefit with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy in patients with unstable angina pectoris". Am. J. Cardiol. 88 (5): 488–92. PMID 11524055. Retrieved 2012-05-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Benjamin EJ (2003). "A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study". JAMA. 290 (8): 1049–56. doi:10.1001/jama.290.8.1049. PMID 12941677. Retrieved 2012-05-14. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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↑ Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF (1997). "Intermittent claudication. A risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study". Circulation. 96 (1): 44–9. PMID 9236415. Retrieved 2012-05-14. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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↑ Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, Larson MG, Massaro JM, Vasan RS (2009). "Predicting the 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease: the framingham heart study". Circulation. 119 (24): 3078–84. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.816694. PMC 2748236. PMID 19506114. Retrieved 2012-05-14. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Hess EP, Wells GA, Jaffe A, Stiell IG (2008). "A study to derive a clinical decision rule for triage of emergency department patients with chest pain: design and methodology". BMC Emerg Med. 8: 3. doi:10.1186/1471-227X-8-3. PMC 2275746. PMID 18254973. Retrieved 2012-05-15.
↑ Christenson J, Innes G, McKnight D, Thompson CR, Wong H, Yu E, Boychuk B, Grafstein E, Rosenberg F, Gin K, Anis A, Singer J (2006). "A clinical prediction rule for early discharge of patients with chest pain". Ann Emerg Med. 47 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.08.007. PMID 16387209. Retrieved 2012-05-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kwok JM, Miller TD, Christian TF, Hodge DO, Gibbons RJ (1999). "Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in symptomatic patients with nonspecific ST-T abnormalities on resting ECG". JAMA. 282 (11): 1047–53. PMID 10493203. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB (1998). "Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories". Circulation. 97 (18): 1837–47. PMID 9603539. Retrieved 2012-05-14. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Diamond GA, Forrester JS (1979). "Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 300 (24): 1350–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM197906143002402. PMID 440357. Retrieved 2012-05-16. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+__NOTOC__
 {{SI}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{UJ}}, {{SSH}}, {{Rohan}}
 ==Overview==
@@ Line 10: / Line 11: @@
 In a prediction rule study, investigators identify a consecutive group of patients who are suspected of a having a specific disease or outcome. The investigators then compare the value of clinical findings available to the physician versus the results of more intensive testing or the results of delayed clinical follow up.
-==Effect on health outcomes==
+A survey of methods concluded "the majority of prediction studies in high impact journals do not follow  current methodological recommendations, limiting their reliability and  applicability."<ref name="pmid22629234">{{cite journal| author=Bouwmeester W, Zuithoff NP, Mallett S, Geerlings MI, Vergouwe Y, Steyerberg EW et al.| title=Reporting and methods in clinical prediction research: a systematic review. | journal=PLoS Med | year= 2012 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= e1001221 | pmid=22629234 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001221 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22629234  }} </ref>
+==Effect on Health Outcomes==
 Few prediction rules have had the consequences of their usage by physicians  quantified.<ref name="pmid16461965">{{cite journal |author=Reilly BM, Evans AT |title=Translating clinical research into clinical practice: impact of using prediction rules to make decisions |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=144 |issue=3 |pages=201-9 |year=2006 |pmid=16461965 |doi=}}</ref>
@@ Line 19: / Line 22: @@
 The more intensively the prediction rule is implemented the more benefit will occur.<ref name="pmid16365469">{{cite journal |author=Yealy DM, Auble TE, Stone RA, ''et al'' |title=Effect of increasing the intensity of implementing pneumonia guidelines: a randomized, controlled trial |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=143 |issue=12 |pages=881-94 |year=2005 |pmid=16365469 |doi=}}</ref>
-==Examples of prediction rules==
+==Examples of Prediction Rules==
+===Cardiovascular Diseases===
+====Acute MI / Unstable Angina====
+'''For the main page on acute coronary syndromes, click [[Acute coronary syndromes|here]]'''
+{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 800px;"
+|-
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk Score
+! width="8%" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Year
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Purpose
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[TIMI risk score#TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina|TIMI risk score]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2000
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Unstable Angina]]
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[TIMI risk score#TIMI Risk Score for STEMI|TIMI risk score]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2000
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[STEMI]]
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Morrow et al (TIME II substudy)<ref name="pmid11716882">{{cite journal |author=Morrow DA, Antman EM, Giugliano RP, Cairns R, Charlesworth A, Murphy SA, de Lemos JA, McCabe CH, Braunwald E |title=A simple risk index for rapid initial triage of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an InTIME II substudy |journal=Lancet |volume=358 |issue=9293 |pages=1571–5 |year=2001 |month=November |pmid=11716882 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06649-1 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(01)06649-1 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2001
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Predicting mortality in [[STEMI]]
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Silver et al<ref name="pmid7944052">{{cite journal |author=Silver MT, Rose GA, Paul SD, O'Donnell CJ, O'Gara PT, Eagle KA |title=A clinical rule to predict preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients after myocardial infarction |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=121 |issue=10 |pages=750–6 |year=1994 |month=November |pmid=7944052 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1994
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients after [[myocardial infarction|MI]]
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[The GRACE risk score]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2003
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |For risk of death in [[NSTEMI]]
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ACI-TIPI risk score<ref name="pmid2072767">{{cite journal |author=Selker HP, Griffith JL, D'Agostino RB |title=A tool for judging coronary care unit admission appropriateness, valid for both real-time and retrospective use. A time-insensitive predictive instrument (TIPI) for acute cardiac ischemia: a multicenter study |journal=Med Care |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=610–27 |year=1991 |month=July |pmid=2072767 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1991
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To assess the likelihood of patients having acute cardiac ischemia and thus the appropriateness of admitting them to the coronary care unit (CCU)
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Goldman algorithm<ref name="pmid3280998">{{cite journal |author=Goldman L, Cook EF, Brand DA, Lee TH, Rouan GW, Weisberg MC, Acampora D, Stasiulewicz C, Walshon J, Terranova G |title=A computer protocol to predict myocardial infarction in emergency department patients with chest pain |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=318 |issue=13 |pages=797–803 |year=1988 |month=March |pmid=3280998 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198803313181301 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198803313181301?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1988
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict the likelihood that a patient has a [[myocardial infarction]]
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Hathaway et al<ref name="pmid9459474">{{cite journal |author=Hathaway WR, Peterson ED, Wagner GS, Granger CB, Zabel KM, Pieper KS, Clark KA, Woodlief LH, Califf RM |title=Prognostic significance of the initial electrocardiogram in patients with acute myocardial infarction. GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries |journal=JAMA |volume=279 |issue=5 |pages=387–91 |year=1998 |month=February |pmid=9459474 |doi= |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9459474 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1998
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Prognosis based on initial ECG
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Selker et al<ref name="pmid1745078">{{cite journal |author=Selker HP, Griffith JL, D'Agostino RB |title=A time-insensitive predictive instrument for acute myocardial infarction mortality: a multicenter study |journal=Med Care |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=1196–211 |year=1991 |month=December |pmid=1745078 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1991
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Risk of death in AMI
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Piombo et al<ref name="pmid12930562">{{cite journal |author=Piombo AC, Gagliardi JA, Guetta J, Fuselli J, Salzberg S, Fairman E, Bertolasi C |title=A new scoring system to stratify risk in unstable angina |journal=BMC Cardiovasc Disord |volume=3 |issue= |pages=8 |year=2003 |month=August |pmid=12930562 |pmc=194644 |doi=10.1186/1471-2261-3-8 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2261/3/8 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2003
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To stratify risk in unstable angina
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Solomon et al<ref name="pmid11583866">{{cite journal |author=Solomon DH, Stone PH, Glynn RJ, Ganz DA, Gibson CM, Tracy R, Avorn J |title=Use of risk stratification to identify patients with unstable angina likeliest to benefit from an invasive versus conservative management strategy |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=969–76 |year=2001 |month=October |pmid=11583866 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(01)01503-0 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2001
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To identify which patients benefit from immediate coronary angiography and revascularization
+|-
+| width="40%" align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Sabatine et al<ref name="pmid11524055">{{cite journal |author=Sabatine MS, Januzzi JL, Snapinn S, Théroux P, Jang IK |title=A risk score system for predicting adverse outcomes and magnitude of benefit with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy in patients with unstable angina pectoris |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=488–92 |year=2001 |month=September |pmid=11524055 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9149(01)01724-6 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2001
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To identify the benefit of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy in patients with unstable angina pectoris
+|-
+|}
+====Stroke, Atrial Fibrillation====
+{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 800px;"
+|-
+! width="40%" align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk Score
+! width="8%" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Year
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Purpose
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[HAS-BLED score|HAS-BLED]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2010
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Bleeding risk stratification score for those on oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ABCD 2<ref name="pmid20185786">{{cite journal| author=Giles MF, Rothwell PM| title=Systematic review and pooled analysis of published and unpublished validations of the ABCD and ABCD2 transient ischemic attack risk scores. | journal=Stroke | year= 2010 | volume= 41 | issue= 4 | pages= 667-73 | pmid=20185786 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.571174 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20185786  }} </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2010
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Stroke risk with TIA
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[CHA2DS2-VASc Score]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2009
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict clinical risk of stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Schnabel et al<ref name="pmid19249635">{{cite journal |author=Schnabel RB, Sullivan LM, Levy D, Pencina MJ, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB, Newton-Cheh C, Yamamoto JF, Magnani JW, Tadros TM, Kannel WB, Wang TJ, Ellinor PT, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ |title=Development of a risk score for atrial fibrillation (Framingham Heart Study): a community-based cohort study |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9665 |pages=739–45 |year=2009 |month=February |pmid=19249635 |pmc=2764235|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60443-8 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(09)60443-8|accessdate=2012-05-14}}</ref> [[Framingham Heart Study]]<sup>[http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/atrial.html#]</sup>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2009
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |10 years risk of [[Atrial fibrillation]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[HEMORR2HAGES]]<ref name="pmid16504638">{{cite journal |author=Gage BF, Yan Y, Milligan PE, Waterman AD, Culverhouse R, Rich MW, Radford MJ |title=Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (NRAF) |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=713–9 |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16504638 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2005.04.017 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-8703(05)00436-9 |accessdate=2012-05-16}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2006
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Bleeding Risk Score
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |ABCD<ref name="pmid15993230">{{cite journal| author=Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Flossmann E, Lovelock CE, Redgrave JN, Warlow CP et al.| title=A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack. | journal=Lancet | year= 2005 | volume= 366 | issue= 9479 | pages= 29-36 | pmid=15993230 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66702-5 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15993230  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16437809 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2006 Jan;9(1):26]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16388573 Review in: ACP J Club. 2006 Jan-Feb;144(1):24]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17213069 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2006 Feb;11(1):27] </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2005
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Stroke risk after TIA
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |van Walraven et al<ref name="pmid12719203">{{cite journal| author=van Walraven C, Hart RG, Wells GA, Petersen P, Koudstaal PJ, Gullov AL et al.| title=A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with atrial fibrillation and a low risk for stroke while taking aspirin. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2003 | volume= 163 | issue= 8 | pages= 936-43 | pmid=12719203 | doi=10.1001/archinte.163.8.936 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12719203  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14711296 Review in: ACP J Club. 2004 Jan-Feb;140(1):25] </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2003
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Stroke risk - atrial fib
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Wang et al<ref name="pmid12881825">{{cite journal| author=Wang Y, Lim LL, Heller RF, Fisher J, Levi CR| title=A prediction model of 1-year mortality for acute ischemic stroke patients. | journal=Arch Phys Med Rehabil | year= 2003 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 1006-11 | pmid=12881825 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12881825  }} </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2003
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict 1 year stroke mortality
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Counsel et al<ref name="pmid12511763">{{cite journal| author=Counsel C, Dennis MS, Lewis S, Warlow C, FOOD Trial Collaboration. Feed Or Ordinary Diet| title=Performance of a statistical model to predict stroke outcome in the context of a large, simple, randomized, controlled trial of feeding. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 1 | pages= 127-33 | pmid=12511763 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2003
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute stroke prognosis (6 variable score)
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Wang et al<ref name="pmid12941677">{{cite journal |author=Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Benjamin EJ |title=A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study |journal=JAMA |volume=290 |issue=8 |pages=1049–56 |year=2003 |month=August |pmid=12941677 |doi=10.1001/jama.290.8.1049 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12941677 |accessdate=2012-05-14}}</ref> [[Framingham Heart Study]]<sup>[http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/strokeatrial.html] </sup>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2003
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Stroke after Atrial fibrillation
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Wang et al<ref name="pmid12941677">{{cite journal |author=Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Benjamin EJ |title=A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study |journal=JAMA |volume=290 |issue=8 |pages=1049–56 |year=2003 |month=August |pmid=12941677 |doi=10.1001/jama.290.8.1049 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12941677 |accessdate=2012-05-14}}</ref> [[Framingham Heart Study]]<sup>[http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/death.html] </sup>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2003
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Stroke or death after Atrial fibrillation
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Efstathiou et al<ref name="pmid12190887">{{cite journal| author=Efstathiou SP, Tsioulos DI, Zacharos ID, Tsiakou AG, Mitromaras AG, Mastorantonakis SE et al.| title=A new classification tool for clinical differentiation between haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke. | journal=J Intern Med | year= 2002 | volume= 252 | issue= 2 | pages= 121-9 | pmid=12190887 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12190887  }} </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2002
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To differentiate Ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Lumley et al<ref name="pmid11809350">{{cite journal| author=Lumley T, Kronmal RA, Cushman M, Manolio TA, Goldstein S| title=A stroke prediction score in the elderly: validation and Web-based application. | journal=J Clin Epidemiol | year= 2002 | volume= 55 | issue= 2 | pages= 129-36 | pmid=11809350 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11809350  }} </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2002
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict stroke in elderly
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[CHADS2]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2001
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Risk of stroke with [[Atrial fibrillation|AFIB]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Baird et al<ref name="pmid11445104">{{cite journal| author=Baird AE, Dambrosia J, Janket S, Eichbaum Q, Chaves C, Silver B et al.| title=A three-item scale for the early prediction of stroke recovery. | journal=Lancet | year= 2001 | volume= 357 | issue= 9274 | pages= 2095-9 | pmid=11445104 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11445104  }} </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2001
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict stroke recovery
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Wang et al<ref name="pmid11470384">{{cite journal| author=Wang Y, Lim LL, Levi C, Heller RF, Fischer J| title=A prognostic index for 30-day mortality after stroke. | journal=J Clin Epidemiol | year= 2001 | volume= 54 | issue= 8 | pages= 766-73 | pmid=11470384 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11470384  }} </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2001
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict 30 days stroke mortality
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[NIH Stroke Scale]]<ref name="pmid10408548">{{cite journal| author=Adams HP, Davis PH, Leira EC, Chang KC, Bendixen BH, Clarke WR et al.| title=Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: A report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). | journal=Neurology | year= 1999 | volume= 53 | issue= 1 | pages= 126-31 | pmid=10408548 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1999
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predicts the likelihood of a patient's recovery after stroke
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Cincinnati stroke scale]]<ref name="pmid10092713">{{cite journal| author=Kothari RU, Pancioli A, Liu T, Brott T, Broderick J| title=Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale: reproducibility and validity. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 1999 | volume= 33 | issue= 4 | pages= 373-8 | pmid=10092713 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10092713  }} </ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1999
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Stroke diagnosis
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |D'Agostino et al<ref name="pmid8266381">{{cite journal |author=D'Agostino RB, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB |title=Stroke risk profile: adjustment for antihypertensive medication. The Framingham Study |journal=Stroke |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=40–3 |year=1994 |month=January |pmid=8266381 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-05-14}}</ref> [[Framingham Heart Study]] <sup>[http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/stroke.html] </sup>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1994
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Risk of stroke
+|-
+|}
+====Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism====
+{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 800px;"
+|-
+! width="40%" align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk Score
+! width="8%" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Year
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Purpose
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Wells score calculator|Wells score]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2000
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+|-
+|}
+====Hypertension, Lipid and Screening====
+{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 800px;"
+|-
+! width="40%" align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk Score
+! width="8%" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Year
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Purpose
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Parikh et al<ref name="pmid18195335">{{cite journal |author=Parikh NI, Pencina MJ, Wang TJ, Benjamin EJ, Lanier KJ, Levy D, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Vasan RS |title=A risk score for predicting near-term incidence of hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=102–10 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18195335 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-05-14}}</ref> [[Framingham Heart Study]]<sup>[http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/hypertension.html#] </sup>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2008
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Hypertension]] risk score
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NCEP ATP III<ref name="pmid11368702">{{cite journal |author= |title=Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) |journal=JAMA |volume=285 |issue=19 |pages=2486–97 |year=2001 |month=May |pmid=11368702 |doi= |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11368702 |accessdate=2012-05-16}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2001
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Screening: lipid guideline
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Krijnen et al <ref name="pmid9841602">{{cite journal |author=Krijnen P, van Jaarsveld BC, Steyerberg EW, Man in 't Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA, Habbema JD |title=A clinical prediction rule for renal artery stenosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=129 |issue=9 |pages=705–11 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9841602 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-05-16}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1998
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict renal artery stenosis
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Murabito et al<ref name="pmid9236415">{{cite journal |author=Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF |title=Intermittent claudication. A risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study |journal=Circulation |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=44–9 |year=1997 |month=July |pmid=9236415 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9236415 |accessdate=2012-05-14}}</ref> [[Framingham Heart Study]]<sup>[http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/interm.html] </sup>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1997
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Intermittent claudication]]
+|-
+|}
+====Chest Pain and CAD====
+{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 800px;"
+|-
+! width="40%" align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk Score
+! width="8%" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Year
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Purpose
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Panic Screening Score<ref name="pmid21352398">{{cite journal |author=Foldes-Busque G, Fleet R, Poitras J, Chauny JM, Belleville G, Denis I, Diodati JG, Pelland MÈ, Lessard MJ, Marchand A |title=Preliminary investigation of the Panic Screening Score for emergency department patients with unexplained chest pain |journal=Acad Emerg Med |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=322–5 |year=2011 |month=March |pmid=21352398 |doi=10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01009.x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01009.x |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2011
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Screening score to improve recognition of panic-like anxiety in emergency department (ED) patients with unexplained chest pain
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Pencina et al<ref name="pmid19506114">{{cite journal |author=Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, Larson MG, Massaro JM, Vasan RS |title=Predicting the 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease: the framingham heart study |journal=Circulation|volume=119 |issue=24 |pages=3078–84 |year=2009 |month=June |pmid=19506114 |pmc=2748236 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.816694|url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19506114 |accessdate=2012-05-14}}</ref> [[Framingham Heart Study]]<sup>[http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/cardiovascular30.html] </sup>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2009
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |30-year risk of [[cardiovascular disease]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |North American Chest Pain Rule<ref name="pmid18254973">{{cite journal |author=Hess EP, Wells GA, Jaffe A, Stiell IG |title=A study to derive a clinical decision rule for triage of emergency department patients with chest pain: design and methodology |journal=BMC Emerg Med |volume=8 |issue= |pages=3 |year=2008 |pmid=18254973 |pmc=2275746 |doi=10.1186/1471-227X-8-3 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-227X/8/3 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2008
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |For early discharge of patients with [[chest pain]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Vancouver chest pain rule<ref name="pmid16387209">{{cite journal |author=Christenson J, Innes G, McKnight D, Thompson CR, Wong H, Yu E, Boychuk B, Grafstein E, Rosenberg F, Gin K, Anis A, Singer J |title=A clinical prediction rule for early discharge of patients with chest pain |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16387209 |doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.08.007 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196-0644(05)01440-X |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2006
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |For early discharge of patients with [[chest pain]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Duke treadmill score <ref name="pmid10493203">{{cite journal |author=Kwok JM, Miller TD, Christian TF, Hodge DO, Gibbons RJ |title=Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in symptomatic patients with nonspecific ST-T abnormalities on resting ECG |journal=JAMA |volume=282 |issue=11 |pages=1047–53 |year=1999 |month=September |pmid=10493203 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-05-16}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1999
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To risk-stratify patients with ST-T abnormalities on the resting ECG
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Wilson et al<ref name="pmid9603539">{{cite journal |author=Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB |title=Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories |journal=Circulation |volume=97 |issue=18 |pages=1837–47 |year=1998 |month=May |pmid=9603539 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9603539 |accessdate=2012-05-14}}</ref> [[Framingham Heart Study]]<sup>[http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/coronary.html] </sup>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1998
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |10-year risk of [[coronary heart disease]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Diamond et al <ref name="pmid440357">{{cite journal |author=Diamond GA, Forrester JS |title=Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=300 |issue=24 |pages=1350–8 |year=1979 |month=June |pmid=440357 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197906143002402 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM197906143002402?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed |accessdate=2012-05-16}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1979
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Pretest probability of CAD
+|-
+|}
+====Angioplasty====
+{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 800px;"
+|-
+! width="40%" align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk Score
+! width="8%" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Year
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Purpose
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Halkin et al<ref name="pmid15862409">{{cite journal |author=Halkin A, Singh M, Nikolsky E, Grines CL, Tcheng JE, Garcia E, Cox DA, Turco M, Stuckey TD, Na Y, Lansky AJ, Gersh BJ, O'Neill WW, Mehran R, Stone GW |title=Prediction of mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: the CADILLAC risk score |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=1397–405 |year=2005 |month=May |pmid=15862409 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.041 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(05)00417-1 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2005
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Angioplasty complication rate
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Fortescue et al<ref name="pmid12589866">{{cite journal |author=Fortescue EB, Kahn K, Bates DW |title=Major adverse outcomes after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a clinical prediction rule |journal=J Clin Epidemiol |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=17–27 |year=2003 |month=January |pmid=12589866 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435602005383 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2003
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Angioplasty complication rate
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Singh et al<ref name="pmid12142101">{{cite journal |author=Singh M, Lennon RJ, Holmes DR, Bell MR, Rihal CS |title=Correlates of procedural complications and a simple integer risk score for percutaneous coronary intervention |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=387–93 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12142101 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109702019800 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2002
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Angioplasty complication rate
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Resnic et al<ref name="pmid11423050">{{cite journal |author=Resnic FS, Ohno-Machado L, Selwyn A, Simon DI, Popma JJ |title=Simplified risk score models accurately predict the risk of major in-hospital complications following percutaneous coronary intervention |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=5–9 |year=2001 |month=July |pmid=11423050 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9149(01)01576-4 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2001
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Angioplasty complication rate
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Moscucci et al<ref name="pmid11457742">{{cite journal |author=Moscucci M, Kline-Rogers E, Share D, O'Donnell M, Maxwell-Eward A, Meengs WL, Kraft P, DeFranco AC, Chambers JL, Patel K, McGinnity JG, Eagle KA |title=Simple bedside additive tool for prediction of in-hospital mortality after percutaneous coronary interventions |journal=Circulation |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=263–8 |year=2001 |month=July |pmid=11457742 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11457742 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2001
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Mortality after angioplasty
+|-
+|}
-===Cardiovascular diseases===
+====Valve and Endocarditis====
-* [[CHADS2]] for risk of stroke with AFIB
+{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 800px;"
-* [[Wells score calculator|Wells score]] for [[Pulmonary embolism]]
+|-
-* [[TIMI risk score#TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina|TIMI risk score]] for Unstable Angina.
+! width="40%" align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk Score
+! width="8%" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Year
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Purpose
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Otto et al<ref name="pmid3143323">{{cite journal |author=Otto CM, Pearlman AS |title=Doppler echocardiography in adults with symptomatic aortic stenosis. Diagnostic utility and cost-effectiveness |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=148 |issue=12 |pages=2553–60 |year=1988 |month=December |pmid=3143323 |doi= |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3143323 |accessdate=2012-05-16}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |1988
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Aortic valve replacement|AV replacement]] in [[aortic stenosis]].
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Koplan et al<ref name="pmid12628725">{{cite journal |author=Koplan BA, Stevenson WG, Epstein LM, Aranki SF, Maisel WH |title=Development and validation of a simple risk score to predict the need for permanent pacing after cardiac valve surgery |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=795–801 |year=2003 |month=March |pmid=12628725 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109702029261 |accessdate=2012-05-16}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2003
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict the need for permanent pacing after cardiac valve surgery
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Hasbun et al<ref name="pmid12697795">{{cite journal |author=Hasbun R, Vikram HR, Barakat LA, Buenconsejo J, Quagliarello VJ |title=Complicated left-sided native valve endocarditis in adults: risk classification for mortality |journal=JAMA |volume=289 |issue=15 |pages=1933–40 |year=2003 |month=April |pmid=12697795 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.15.1933 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12697795 |accessdate=2012-05-16}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2003
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Endocarditis]] prognosis
+|-
+|}
-===Respiratory diseases===
+===Others===
-* [[Pneumonia severity index]]
+{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 800px;"
-* [[Tygerberg score]]
+|-
+! width="40%" align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk Score
+! width="8%" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Year
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Purpose
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Feringa et al<ref name="pmid18071171">{{cite journal |author=Feringa HH, Bax JJ, Hoeks S, van Waning VH, Elhendy A, Karagiannis S, Vidakovic R, Schouten O, Boersma E, Poldermans D |title=A prognostic risk index for long-term mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=167 |issue=22 |pages=2482–9 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18071171 |doi=10.1001/archinte.167.22.2482 |url=http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archinte.167.22.2482 |accessdate=2012-05-16}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |2007
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Peripheral vascular disease]] prognosis.
+|-
+|}
-===Gastroenterology diseases===
+----
-* [[CURB-65]]
-* [[Ranson criteria]]
-* [[Model for End-Stage Liver Disease]]
+===Orthopedics Scores===
+{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 800px;"
+|-
+! width="40%" align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk Score
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Purpose
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Open Fractures
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Mangled Extremity Score<ref name="pmid7965288">{{cite journal| author=Slauterbeck JR, Britton C, Moneim MS, Clevenger FW| title=Mangled extremity severity score: an accurate guide to treatment of the severely injured upper extremity. | journal=J Orthop Trauma | year= 1994 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 282-5 | pmid=7965288 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7965288  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician completed the score to determine which mangled limbs will eventually come to amputation.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Ganga Hospital Open Injury Score (GHOIS)<ref name="pmid26038161">{{cite journal| author=Rajasekaran S, Sabapathy SR, Dheenadhayalan J, Sundararajan SR, Venkatramani H, Devendra A et al.| title=Ganga hospital open injury score in management of open injuries. | journal=Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-15 | pmid=26038161 | doi=10.1007/s00068-014-0465-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26038161  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician completed the score to help them in decision making regarding salvage in IIIB injuries.
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Knee (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Modified Cincinnati Rating system<ref name="pmid2670388">{{cite journal| author=Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mooar LA| title=A rationale for assessing sports activity levels and limitations in knee disorders. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 1989 | volume=  | issue= 246 | pages= 238-49 | pmid=2670388 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2670388  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician and patient completed the score for evaluation of functional activity levels after surgery.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Tegner Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale<ref name="pmid4028566">{{cite journal| author=Tegner Y, Lysholm J| title=Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 1985 | volume=  | issue= 198 | pages= 43-9 | pmid=4028566 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4028566  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician and patient completed score for evaluation of functional activity levels after surgery.
+|-
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |KOOS (Knee Injury & Osteoarthritis Outcome)<ref name="pmid9699158">{{cite journal| author=Roos EM, Roos HP, Lohmander LS, Ekdahl C, Beynnon BD| title=Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)--development of a self-administered outcome measure. | journal=J Orthop Sports Phys Ther | year= 1998 | volume= 28 | issue= 2 | pages= 88-96 | pmid=9699158 | doi=10.2519/jospt.1998.28.2.88 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9699158  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score to assess response to surgery and physical therapy for patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Foot/Ankle'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |American Foot & Ankle Score<ref>Kitaoka HB, Alexander IJ, Adelaar RS, Nunley JA, Myerson MS, Sanders M. Clinical rating systems for the ankle-hindfoot, midfoot, hallux, and lesser toes. Foot Ankle Int. 1994 Jul;15(7):349-53.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician completed the score to provide a standard method of reporting clinical status of the ankle and foot.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Foot & Ankle Disability Index<ref>Martin RL, Burdett RG, Irrgang JJ. Development of the Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999; 29: A32-A33</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score for to assess functional limitations related to foot and ankle conditions.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Wrist'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |MAYO Wrist Score<ref>Amadio PC, Berquist TH, Smith DK, Ilstrup DM, Cooney WP 3rd, Linscheid RL. Scaphoid malunion. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1989 Jul;14(4):679-87.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician completed the score to assess the outcome folowign management of scaphoid fractures.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |DASH (Disabilities of arm, shoulder & hand) Score<ref>http://www.dash.iwh.on.ca</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score to measure physical function and symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Quick-DASH Score<ref name="pmid15866967">{{cite journal| author=Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN, Upper Extremity Collaborative Group| title=Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 2005 | volume= 87 | issue= 5 | pages= 1038-46 | pmid=15866967 | doi=10.2106/JBJS.D.02060 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15866967  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score to determine the disability experienced by patients with any musculoskeletal condition of the upper extremity and to monitor change in symptoms and upper limb function over time. It is a shortened version of the DASH.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Hand'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire<ref>Chung KC Pillsbury MS et al. Reliability and validity testing of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire. J Hand Surgery. 1998; 23A; 575-587.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score which allowed assessment of activity of daily living in patients with hand disability.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |DASH (Disabilities of arm, shoulder & hand) Score<ref>http://www.dash.iwh.on.ca</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score to measure physical function and symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Quick-DASH Score<ref name="pmid15866967">{{cite journal| author=Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN, Upper Extremity Collaborative Group| title=Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 2005 | volume= 87 | issue= 5 | pages= 1038-46 | pmid=15866967 | doi=10.2106/JBJS.D.02060 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15866967  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score to determine the disability experienced by patients with any musculoskeletal condition of the upper extremity and to monitor change in symptoms and upper limb function over time. It is a shortened version of the DASH.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Lumbar Spine'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Oswestry Low Back Pain Score<ref>Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The Oswestry Disability Index. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25:2940–2952.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score to determine the disability experienced by patients with low back pain.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Score<ref>Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O'Brien JP. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy. 1980 Aug;66(8):271-3. link</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score to determine the disability experienced by patients with low back pain before and after the surgery.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Back Pain Index<ref>Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O'Brien JP. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy. 1980 Aug;66(8):271-3.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score to determine how back condition affects their everyday life.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Cervical Spine'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Vernon & Mior Cervical Spine Score<ref>Vernon H, Mior S. The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991 Sep;14(7):409-15.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score to how their neck pain has affected their ability to manage in everyday life.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Hip'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Harris Hip Score<ref>Harris WH. Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: treatment by mold arthroplasty. An end-result study using a new method of result evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1969 Jun;51(4):737-55.</ref><ref>Marchetti P, Binazzi R, Vaccari V, Girolami M, Morici F, Impallomeni C, Commessatti M, Silvello L. Long-term results with cementless Fitek (or Fitmore) cups. J Arthroplasty. 2005 Sep;20(6):730-7.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician completed score for the assessment of the results of hip surgery, and is intended to evaluate various hip disabilities and methods of treatment in an adult population.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Oxford Hip Score <ref>Murray DW, Fitzpatrick R, Rogers K, Pandit H, Beard DJ, Carr AJ, et al. The use of the Oxford Hip and Knee Scores. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007; 89: 1010–4.</ref><ref>Dawson J, Fitzpatrick R, Carr A, Murray D. Questionnaire on the perceptions of patients about total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996; 78: 185–90.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score for to assess outcome after total hip replacement (THR) by measuring patients' perceptions in adjunction to surgery.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |HOOS (Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome)<ref>www.koos.nu.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score to give their opinion about their hip and associated problems, and is intended to be used in an adult population with hip disability with or without osteoarthritis.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |WOMAC Score<ref name="pmid3068365">{{cite journal| author=Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW| title=Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. | journal=J Rheumatol | year= 1988 | volume= 15 | issue= 12 | pages= 1833-40 | pmid=3068365 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3068365  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3731718">{{cite journal| author=Bellamy N, Buchanan WW| title=A preliminary evaluation of the dimensionality and clinical importance of pain and disability in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. | journal=Clin Rheumatol | year= 1986 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 231-41 | pmid=3731718 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3731718  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score for for measuring quality of life (QOL) in patient suffering from osteoarthritis.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Knee (Osteo Arthritis)'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Oxford Knee Score<ref name="pmid21074964">{{cite journal| author=Impellizzeri FM, Mannion AF, Leunig M, Bizzini M, Naal FD| title=Comparison of the reliability, responsiveness, and construct validity of 4 different questionnaires for evaluating outcomes after total knee arthroplasty. | journal=J Arthroplasty | year= 2011 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 861-9 | pmid=21074964 | doi=10.1016/j.arth.2010.07.027 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21074964  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score to assess the severity of disability from osteoarthritis before and after 6 months of surgery.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |KOOS (Knee Injury & Osteoarthritis Outcome)<ref name="pmid9699158">{{cite journal| author=Roos EM, Roos HP, Lohmander LS, Ekdahl C, Beynnon BD| title=Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)--development of a self-administered outcome measure. | journal=J Orthop Sports Phys Ther | year= 1998 | volume= 28 | issue= 2 | pages= 88-96 | pmid=9699158 | doi=10.2519/jospt.1998.28.2.88 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9699158  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score to assess severity in patients with osteoarthritis.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |WOMAC Score<ref name="pmid3068365">{{cite journal| author=Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW| title=Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. | journal=J Rheumatol | year= 1988 | volume= 15 | issue= 12 | pages= 1833-40 | pmid=3068365 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3068365  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3731718">{{cite journal| author=Bellamy N, Buchanan WW| title=A preliminary evaluation of the dimensionality and clinical importance of pain and disability in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. | journal=Clin Rheumatol | year= 1986 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 231-41 | pmid=3731718 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3731718  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score for measuring quality of life (QOL) in patient suffering from osteoarthritis.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |IKDC<ref>American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine. IKDC Knee Form. Available at: http://www.sportsmed.org/AOSSMIMIS/members/downloads/research/IKDCEnglishUS.pdf. </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score for evaluation of functional activity levels.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Knee Society Score (KSS)<ref name="pmid22045067">{{cite journal| author=Scuderi GR, Bourne RB, Noble PC, Benjamin JB, Lonner JH, Scott WN| title=The new Knee Society Knee Scoring System. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 2012 | volume= 470 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-19 | pmid=22045067 | doi=10.1007/s11999-011-2135-0 | pmc=3237971 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22045067  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician completed score to assess objective knee disability, patient satisfaction and expectation level, and functional activity level.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Shoulder'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Constant Shoulder Score<ref>Fabre T, Piton C, Leclouerec G, Gervais-Delion F, Durandeau A. Entrapment of the suprascapular nerve. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999 May;81(3):414-9.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician completed the score for clinical functional assessment for shoulder complaints before and after surgery.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |UCLA Shoulder rating scale<ref>Nutton RW , McBirnie JM , Phillips C. Treatment of chronic rotator-cuff impingement by arthroscopic subacromial decompression. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997 Jan;79(1):73-6.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician completed the score to assess diability, pain and patient satisfaction.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Oxford Shoulder Score<ref>https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/shoulderandelbow/information/documents/OxfordShoulderScore.pdf</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score for assessment of pain and function of the shoulder.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |American Shoulder And Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Society Score <ref>American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form, patient self-report section: reliability, validity, and responsiveness.Michener LA, McClure PW, Sennett BJ.J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002 Nov-Dec;11(6):587-94.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score for assessing activities of daily living (ADL).
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |DASH (Disabilities of arm, shoulder & hand) Score<ref>http://www.dash.iwh.on.ca</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score to measure physical function and symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Quick-DASH Score<ref name="pmid15866967">{{cite journal| author=Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN, Upper Extremity Collaborative Group| title=Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 2005 | volume= 87 | issue= 5 | pages= 1038-46 | pmid=15866967 | doi=10.2106/JBJS.D.02060 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15866967  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score to determine the disability experienced by patients with any musculoskeletal condition of the upper extremity and to monitor change in symptoms and upper limb function over time. It is a shortened version of the DASH.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Shoulder (Instability)'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rowe Score for Instability<ref name="pmid624747">{{cite journal| author=Rowe CR, Patel D, Southmayd WW| title=The Bankart procedure: a long-term end-result study. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 1978 | volume= 60 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-16 | pmid=624747 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=624747  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician completed the score for assessing stability, motion and function after the surgery for shoulder instability.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Oxford Shoulder Instability Score<ref name="pmid10872358">{{cite journal| author=Dawson J, Fitzpatrick R, Carr A| title=The assessment of shoulder instability. The development and validation of a questionnaire. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Br | year= 1999 | volume= 81 | issue= 3 | pages= 420-6 | pmid=10872358 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10872358  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score for assessing the outcome of treatment for shoulder instability.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |WOSI (Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index)<ref name="pmid9850776">{{cite journal| author=Kirkley A, Griffin S, McLintock H, Ng L| title=The development and evaluation of a disease-specific quality of life measurement tool for shoulder instability. The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI). | journal=Am J Sports Med | year= 1998 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 764-72 | pmid=9850776 | doi=10.1177/03635465980260060501 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9850776  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score for measuring disease-specific quality of life in patient suffering from shoulder instability.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Elbow'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |MAYO Elbow Score<ref name="pmid24656392">{{cite journal| author=Cusick MC, Bonnaig NS, Azar FM, Mauck BM, Smith RA, Throckmorton TW| title=Accuracy and reliability of the Mayo Elbow Performance Score. | journal=J Hand Surg Am | year= 2014 | volume= 39 | issue= 6 | pages= 1146-50 | pmid=24656392 | doi=10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.01.041 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24656392  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician completed the score for evaluating disability associated with elbow injuries.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Oxford Elbow Score<ref name="pmid18958582">{{cite journal| author=Dawson J, Doll H, Boller I, Fitzpatrick R, Little C, Rees J et al.| title=Comparative responsiveness and minimal change for the Oxford Elbow Score following surgery. | journal=Qual Life Res | year= 2008 | volume= 17 | issue= 10 | pages= 1257-67 | pmid=18958582 | doi=10.1007/s11136-008-9409-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18958582  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score to measures injury-related quality of life in patients following surgery of the elbow joint
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |DASH (Disabilities of arm, shoulder & hand) Score<ref>http://www.dash.iwh.on.ca</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score to measure physical function and symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb.
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Quick-DASH Score<ref name="pmid15866967">{{cite journal| author=Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN, Upper Extremity Collaborative Group| title=Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 2005 | volume= 87 | issue= 5 | pages= 1038-46 | pmid=15866967 | doi=10.2106/JBJS.D.02060 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15866967  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed score to determine the disability experienced by patients with any musculoskeletal condition of the upper extremity and to monitor change in symptoms and upper limb function over time. It is a shortened version of the DASH.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''VAS'''
+|
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |VAS Score<ref>Wallerstein SL. Scaling clinical pain and pain relief. In: Bromm B, ed. Pain measurement in man: neurophysiological correlates of pain. New York: Elsevier, 1984.</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinician and patient completed the score for evaluation of pain severity and relief.
+|-
+| colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Psychological'''
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |DRAM (Distress and Risk Assessment Method)<ref name="pmid1531554">{{cite journal| author=Main CJ, Wood PL, Hollis S, Spanswick CC, Waddell G| title=The Distress and Risk Assessment Method. A simple patient classification to identify distress and evaluate the risk of poor outcome. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1992 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 42-52 | pmid=1531554 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1531554  }} </ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Patient completed the score to measure psychological distress in patients presenting for orthopaedic care.
+|-
+|}
-===Orthopedic diseases===
+===Other Organ System===
-* [[Ottawa ankle rules]]
+{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 800px;"
-===Intensive Care Unit===
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Rules predicting complications in diseased patients
-* [[ICU scoring systems]] ([[Glasgow coma scale]],[[ Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale]],[[APACHE II]],[[SAPS II]],[[PIM2]])
+|-
+! width="40%" align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk Score
+! align="left" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Purpose
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Gastroentestinal diseases
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Ranson criteria]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict the severity of acute [[pancreatitis]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Tygerberg score]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To differentiate [[tuberculosis]] as a cause of [[pericarditis]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Model for End-Stage Liver Disease|MELD]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To assess the severity of [[chronic liver disease]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Orthopedic diseases
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[QFracture score]][http://www.qfracture.org/]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Osteoporosis]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Ottawa ankle rules]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To decide for offering Xray to patient with foot or ankle pain
+|-
+! colspan="2" align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Respiratory diseases
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Pneumonia severity index]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To calculate the probability of morbidityand mortality among patients with [[community acquired pneumonia]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[CURB-65]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To predict mortality in community-acquired pneumonia
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Apnea-hypopnea index]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To assess the overall severity of [[sleep apnea]]
+|-
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Amar et al<ref name="pmid19861366">{{cite journal|author=Amar D, Munoz D, Shi W, Zhang H, Thaler HT |title=A clinical prediction rule for pulmonary complications after thoracic surgery for primary lung cancer |journal=Anesth. Analg. |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=1343–8 |year=2010 |month=May |pmid=19861366|doi=10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181bf5c99 |url=http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19861366|accessdate=2012-05-14}}</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |To calculate pulmonary complications after thoracic surgery for primary [[Lung Cancer]]
+|-
+|}
+* Various rules are used in the '''Intensive Care Unit''' and are grouped as [[ICU scoring systems]] ([[Glasgow coma scale]], [[ Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale]], [[APACHE II]], [[SAPS II]], [[PIM2]]).
+==Adverse Effects==
+Patients may not be comfortable with the way a doctor may integrate decision support into practice.<ref name="pmid22820049">{{cite journal| author=Shaffer VA, Probst CA, Merkle EC, Arkes HR, Medow MA| title=Why do patients derogate physicians who use a computer-based diagnostic support system? | journal=Med Decis Making | year= 2013 | volume= 33 | issue= 1 | pages= 108-18 | pmid=22820049 | doi=10.1177/0272989X12453501 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22820049  }} </ref>
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}
 [[Category:Medical informatics]]
-[[Category:Evidence-based medicine|*]]
+[[Category:Evidence-based medicine]]
+[[Category:Calculator]]
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