Xeroderma

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: xerodermia, dry skin

Overview

Xeroderma (literally "dry skin")is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients and/or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the lower legs, arms, the sides of the abdomen and thighs. Symptoms most associated with Xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching and cracks in the skin.

Causes

Xeroderma is a very common condition. It happens more often in the winter where the cold air outside and the hot air inside creates a low relative humidity. This causes the skin to lose moisture and it may crack and peel. Bathing/showering too frequently, especially if one is using harsh soaps, may also contribute to xeroderma. Xeroderma can also be caused by a deficiency of vitamin A, systemic illness, overexposure to sunlight or some medication.

Differential diagnosis

Common causes

• Athlete's foot

• Atopic Dermatitis

• Dandruff (Seborrhea)

• Dehydration

• Eczema

• Hypothyroidism

• Diabetes

• Psoriasis

Causes by Organ system

Cardiovascular	Shock, Varicose veins
Chemical / poisoning	1-Pentanethiol , 2-Hexanone , Acetic Anhydride , Acetophenone , Amitrole , Anisole , Boric Acid , Carbinoxamine , Chlorobenzene , Contact dermatitis , Cyclohexanol , Devil's trumpet poisoning , Ethylamine , Ethylene Dichloride , Hexane , Isopropyl Alcohol , Jimsonweed poisoning , Kawanism , Kerosene , Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether , Methylene Chloride , Nicotine addiction , Nitromethane , N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone , Nutmeg , Phenmedipham , Soap, Tetrachloroethane , Tetrachloroethylene , Tetrahydrofuran
Dermatologic	Asteatotic dermatitis , Athlete's foot , Atopic dermatitis, Dyshidrotic dermatitis , Follicular ichthyosis , Fox-Fordyce Disease , Hyperkeratosis, Hypohidrosis, Ichthyosis , Keratosis pilaris, Lichen sclerosis crinkled skin, Pompholyx , Psoriasis , Scleroderma , Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome
Drug Side Effect	Adapalene, Afatinib, Amcinonide, Atropine, Benoxyl, Benzamycin- topical, Benzoyl Peroxide, Betamethasone, Claravis, Cleocin T topical lotion, Clobetasol, Clofazime, Cordran, Desonide, Dicyclomine, Diflorasone Diacetate, Diphenoxylate, Etretinate, Flucinolone, Fluorouracil, Gefitinib, Halcinonide, Halobetasol, Hydrocortisone, Hyoscyamine, Isotretinoin, Midodrine, Mometasone, Niacin, Panitumumab, Risperidone, Salicylic acid , Sertaconazole, Siltuximab, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Tazarotene, Thalidomide, Tiagabine, Trentinoin, Triamcinolone
Ear Nose Throat	Autoimmune thyroid diseases
Endocrine	Acromegaly , Cretinism , Diabetes , Hashimoto's Thyroiditis , Hypopituitarism, Hypothyroidism , Myxedema , Panhypopituitarism , Riedel syndrome , Sheehan Syndrome
Environmental	Cold weather, Environmental allergen, Excessive swimming in chlorinated pool, Heatstroke, Low humidity, Sick building syndrome , Windy weather
Gastroenterologic	Diarrhea
Genetic	Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome , ADULT syndrome , Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy , Amelo-onycho-hypohidrotic syndrome , Ampola syndrome , Barakat syndrome , Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy , Chondrodysplasia punctata , Chromosome 1q duplication syndrome , Chromosome 22 trisomy , Cockayne syndrome , Dermatoleukodystrophy , Dermo-odontodysplasia , Ectodermal dysplasia, Familial hypopituitarism , Familial hypothyroidism , Fenton-Wilkinson-Toselano syndrome , Freire-Maia syndrome , Grix-Blankenship-Peterson syndrome , Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type IV , Hunter-Carpenter-Macdonald syndrome , Johnston Aarons Schelley syndrome , Leprechaunism , Menkes Disease , Moynahan syndrome , Multiple system atrophy , Progeria, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome , Schindler disease, Stoll-Alembik-Finck syndrome , Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome , Wrinkly skin syndrome
Hematologic	Hodgkin's disease, Leukaemia
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Fungal skin infection, HIV/AIDS , Dermatitis, Athlete's foot
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Johnston Aarons Schelley syndrome , Grix-Blankenship-Peterson syndrome , Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy , Amelo-onycho-hypohidrotic syndrome
Neurologic	Spinal shock , Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome , Ampola syndrome , Cockayne syndrome , Dermatoleukodystrophy , Fenton-Wilkinson-Toselano syndrome , Grix-Blankenship-Peterson syndrome , Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type IV , Hunter-Carpenter-Macdonald syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Anorexia nervosa , Dehydration , Malnutrition, Phenylketonuria , Uremia, Vitamin A deficiency , Vitamin b2 deficiency, Schindler disease, Menkes Disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Pregnancy
Oncologic	Hodgkin's disease, Leukaemia, Lymphoma, Malignancy
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Chronic vitamin A toxicity
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Dermatitis, Eczema, Granulomatous hypophysitis , Sjogren's syndrome , Atopic dermatitis, Psoriasis , Environmental allergen
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Aging, Excessive washing, Rubbing alcohol

Causes in Alphabetical order

• 1-Pentanethiol

• 2-Hexanone

• Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome

• Acetic Anhydride

• Acetophenone

• Acromegaly

• Adapalene

• ADULT syndrome

• Aging

• Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy

• Amcinonide

• Amelo-onycho-hypohidrotic syndrome

• Amitrole

• Ampola syndrome

• Anisole

• Anorexia nervosa

• Asteatotic dermatitis

• Athlete's foot

• Atopic dermatitis

• Atropine

• Autoimmune thyroid diseases

• Barakat syndrome

• Benoxyl

• Benzamycin- topical

• Benzoyl Peroxide

• Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy

• Betamethasone

• Boric Acid

• Carbinoxamine

• Chlorobenzene

• Chondrodysplasia punctata

• Chromosome 1q duplication syndrome

• Chromosome 22, trisomy

• Chronic renal insufficiency

• Chronic vitamin A toxicity

• Claravis

• Cleocin T topical lotion

• Clobetasol

• Clofazime

• Cockayne syndrome

• Cold weather

• Contact dermatitis

• Cordran

• Cretinism

• Cyclohexanol

• Dehydration

• Dermatitis

• Dermatoleukodystrophy

• Dermo-odontodysplasia

• Desonide

• Devil's trumpet poisoning

• Diabetes

• Diarrhea

• Dicyclomine

• Diflorasone Diacetate

• Diphenoxylate

• Dyshidrotic dermatitis

• Ectodermal dysplasia

• Eczema

• Environmental allergen

• Ethylamine

• Ethylene Dichloride

• Etretinate

• Excessive swimming in chlorinated pool

• Excessive washing

• Familial hypopituitarism

• Familial hypothyroidism

• Fenton-Wilkinson-Toselano syndrome

• Flucinolone

• Fluorouracil

• Fluticasone (cream/lotion)

• Follicular ichthyosis

• Fox-Fordyce Disease

• Freire-Maia syndrome

• Fungal skin infection

• Gefitinib

• Granulomatous hypophysitis

• Grix-Blankenship-Peterson syndrome

• Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

• Heatstroke

• Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type IV

• Hexane

• HIV/AIDS

• Hodgkin's disease

• Hunter-Carpenter-Macdonald syndrome

• Hydrocortisone

• Hyoscyamine

• Hyperkeratosis

• Hypohidrosis

• Hypopituitarism

• Hypothyroidism

• Ichthyosis

• Isopropyl Alcohol

• Isotretinoin

• Jimsonweed poisoning

• Johnston Aarons Schelley syndrome

• Kawanism

• Keratosis pilaris

• Kerosene

• Leprechaunism

• Leukaemia

• Lichen sclerosis crinkled skin

• Low humidity

• Lymphoma

• Malignancy

• Malnutrition

• Menkes Disease

• Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether

• Methylene Chloride

• Midodrine

• Mometasone

• Moynahan syndrome

• Multiple system atrophy

• Myxedema

• Niacin

• Nicotine addiction

• Nitromethane

• N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone

• Nutmeg

• Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

• Panhypopituitarism

• Panitumumab

• Phenmedipham

• Phenylketonuria

• Pompholyx

• Pregnancy

• Progeria

• Psoriasis

• Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome

• Riedel syndrome

• Risperidone

• Rubbing alcohol

• Salicylic acid

• Schindler disease

• Scleroderma

• Sheehan Syndrome

• Shock

• Sick building syndrome

• Siltuximab

• Sjogren's syndrome

• Soap

• Sorafenib

• Spinal shock

• Stoll-Alembik-Finck syndrome

• Sunitinib

• Tazarotene

• Tetrachloroethane

• Tetrachloroethylene

• Tetrahydrofuran

• Thalidomide

• Tiagabine

• Tranebjaerg-Svejgaard syndrome

• Trentinoin

• Triamcinolone

• Uremia

• Varicose veins

• Vitamin A deficiency

• Vitamin b2 deficiency

• Windy weather

• Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

• Wrinkly skin syndrome

References

See also

• Xeroderma pigmentosum
• ichthyosis