|
|
| (157 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{CMG}}
| | __NOTOC__ |
| | |
| {{Editor Help}}
| |
| | |
| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | |
| Name = Jaundice, NOS | | | Name = Jaundice, NOS | |
| Image = PHIL 2860 lores.jpg| | | Image = PHIL 2860 lores.jpg| |
| Caption = Yellowing of the [[skin]] and [[sclera]] caused by [[Hepatitis|Hepatitis A]].| | | Caption = Yellowing of the [[skin]] and [[sclera]], via Wikimedia Commons<ref>By Photo Credit: Content Providers(s): CDC/Dr. Thomas F. Sellers/Emory University [Public domain], <"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AJaundice_eye.jpg"></ref>| |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|17||r|10}} |
| |
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|782.4}} |
| |
| OMIM = |
| |
| MedlinePlus = 003243 |
| |
| eMedicineSubj = |
| |
| eMedicineTopic = |
| |
| DiseasesDB = 7038 |
| |
| MeshID = D007565 |
| |
| }} | | }} |
|
| |
|
| {{SI}}
| | '''For patient information, click [[Jaundice (patient information)|here]].''' |
| | |
| ==Overview==
| |
| '''Jaundice''', also known as '''icterus''' (attributive adjective: "icteric"), is yellowish discoloration of the [[skin]], [[conjunctiva]] (a clear covering over the [[sclera]], or whites of the eyes) and [[mucous membrane]]s caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of [[bilirubin]] in red blooded animals). Usually the concentration of bilirubin in the [[blood]] must exceed 2–3 [[milligram|mg]]/[[decilitre|dL]] for the coloration to be easily visible. ''Jaundice'' comes from the French word ''jaune'', meaning yellow. Jaundice typically appears in a 'top to bottom' progression (starting with the face, progressing toward the feet), and resolves in a 'bottom to top' manner. | |
| | |
| '''[[Neonatal jaundice]]'''
| |
| | |
| Neonatal jaundice can be '''physiological''' or '''pathological'''. Neonatal physiological jaundice is usually harmless: this condition is often seen in [[infants]] around the second day after birth, lasting until day 8 in normal births, or to around day 14 in [[premature birth]]s. Serum [[bilirubin]] normally drops to a low level without any intervention required: the jaundice is presumably a consequence of metabolic and physiological adjustments after birth. In extreme cases, a brain-damaging condition known as [[kernicterus]] can occur; there are concerns that this condition has been rising in recent years due to inadequate detection and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Neonatal jaundice is a risk factor for hearing loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aapnews.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/18/5/231 |title=Increased vigilance needed to prevent kernicterus in newborns --O�Keefe 18 (5): 231 -- AAP News |accessdate=2007-06-27 |format= |work=}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| '''Jaundiced eye'''
| |
| | |
| It was once believed persons suffering from the medical condition jaundice saw everything as yellow. By extension, the jaundiced eye came to mean a prejudiced view, usually rather negative or critical. [[Alexander Pope]], in 'An Essay on Criticism' (1711), wrote: "All seems infected that the infected spy, As all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye." <ref name=eye>From "The Dictionary of Cliches" by James Rogers (Ballantine Books, New York, 1985).</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Pathophysiology==
| |
| * Bilirubin is the major breakdown product of hemoglobin that is released from dying or damaged erythrocytes
| |
| * The normal bilirubin range is 0.3-1.0 mg/dL
| |
| * Jaundice is visible in conjunctiva, skin and mucosa when the serum bilirubin level rises above 2 mg/dL
| |
| ==Causes==
| |
| When [[red blood cell]]s die, the [[heme]] in their [[haemoglobin]] is converted to [[bilirubin]] in the [[spleen]] and in the hepatocytes in the liver. The [[bilirubin]] is processed by the [[liver]], enters [[bile]] and is eventually excreted through [[feces]].
| |
| | |
| Consequently, there are three different classes of causes for jaundice. ''Pre-hepatic'' or ''hemolytic'' causes, where too many red blood cells are broken down, ''hepatic'' causes where the processing of [[bilirubin]] in the liver does not function correctly, and ''post-hepatic'' or ''extrahepatic'' causes, where the removal of bile is disturbed.
| |
| ===Common Causes===
| |
| ===Causes by Organ System===
| |
| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Eclampsia]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[1,2-Dibromoethane ]], [[2-acetylamino-fluorene ]], [[2-Nitropropane ]], [[3,3-Dichlorobenzidine ]], [[4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene ]], [[8-Hydroxyquinolone ]], [[Acer rubrum]], [[Acetates ]], [[Acetonitrile ]], [[Acetylene Tetrabromide ]], [[Acrylonitrile ]], [[Aflatoxin ]], [[Albitocin]], [[Alicyclic Hydrocarbons ]], [[Aliphatic Amines ]], [[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ]], [[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons ]], [[Allyl alcohol ]], [[Amanita phalloides]], [[Aromatic amines ]], [[Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons ]], [[Aromatic Hydrocarbons ]], [[Arsenic ]], [[Arsine ]], [[Benzene ]], [[Benzyl chloride ]], [[Beryllium ]], [[Biliary colic]], [[Bipyridyl pesticides ]], [[Black nightshade poisoning ]], [[Boron ]], [[Cadmium ]], [[Carbarsone ]], [[Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides ]], [[Carbon Disulfide ]], [[Carbon Tetrachloride ]], [[Chloramphenicol ]], [[Chlorate salts ]], [[Chlordane]], [[Chlorinated benzenes ]], [[Chlorinated naphthalene ]], [[Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives ]], [[Chloroform]], [[Chloromethane ]], [[Chloroprene ]], [[Chromium ]], [[Comfrey ]], [[Copper ]], [[Cresol ]], [[Cycasin]], [[Cyclochlorotine ]], [[Dibromochloropropane ]], [[Diethylene Glycol ]], [[Dimethyl sulfate ]], [[Dimethylnitrosamine ]], [[Dinitrobenzene ]], [[Dinitrocresol ]], [[Dinitrophenol ]], [[Dinitrotoluene ]], [[Ethanolamines ]], [[Ethyl Acetate ]], [[Ethyl alcohol ]], [[Ethyl benzene ]], [[Ethyl Ether ]], [[Ethyl Salicylate ]], [[Ethylene chlorohydrin ]], [[Ethylene Dibromide ]], [[Ethylene dichloride ]], [[Ethylene oxide ]], [[Ethylenediamine ]], [[Germander ]], [[Germanium ]],, [[Gold ]], [[Hafnium ]], [[Horse nettle ]], [[Hydrogen bromides ]], [[Hydrogen Cyanide ]], [[Icterogenin]], [[Indospicine]], [[Isopropyl acetate ]], [[Kepone pesticides ]], [[Lanthanides ]], [[Lead ]], [[Mercaptans ]], [[Mercury ]], [[Methoxyflurane ]], [[Methyl acetate ]], [[Methyl Bromide ]], [[Methy, Chloride ]], [[Methylene chloride ]], [[Methylene Dianiline ]], [[Metolachlor]], [[Monomethylhydrazine]], [[N,N-Dimethylformamide ]], [[Naphthalene]], [[Naphthol ]], [[N-butyl acetate ]], [[Ngaione]], [[Nickel ]], [[Niobium ]], [[Nitriles ]], [[Nitrobenzene ]], [[Nitromethane ]], [[Nitroparaffins ]], [[N-N-Dimethylacetamide ]], [[N-Nitrosodimethylamine ]], [[N-propyl acetate ]], [[Ochratoxin ]], [[Para-Dichlorobenzene ]], [[Phosphine ]], [[Phosphorus]], [[Phthalic Anhydride ]], [[Picric Acid ]], [[Polybrominated biphenyls ]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyls ]], [[Polygonum multiflorum ]], [[Propylene dichloride ]], [[Psoralea Corylifolia ]], [[Pyrogallol ]], [[Pyrrolidizine]], [[Ragwort]], [[Rubratoxin ]], [[Safrole]], [[Solanine]], [[Solder ]], [[Sterigmatocystin ]], [[Stibine ]], [[Tellurium]], [[Tetrachloroethane]], [[Tetrachloroethylene ]], [[Tetramethylthiuram disulfide ]], [[Thallium]], [[Thioxanthene]], [[Thorium dioxide ]], [[Thorotrast , ]], [[Toluene ]], [[Trichloroethylene ]], [[Trinitrotoluene ]], [[Uranium ]], [[Vicia faba]], [[Vinyl Chloride ]], [[White Phosphorus ]], [[Xylene ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dermatologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Endocrine'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Environmental'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Genetic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Hematologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Iatrogenic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Infectious Disease'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Neurologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Oncologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Opthalmologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Psychiatric'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Pulmonary'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Sexual'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Trauma'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Urologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dental'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
| |
| ===Differential Diagnosis<ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:98</ref><ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:51-54</ref> ===
| |
| * Abdominal mass
| |
| * Acute [[alcoholic hepatitis]]
| |
| * [[Alcoholic Hepatitis]]
| |
| * [[Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency ]]
| |
| * [[Amyloidosis]]
| |
| * Annular pancreas
| |
| * Autoimmune [[hepatitis]]
| |
| * Autoimmunohemolysis
| |
| * Benign recurring cholestasis
| |
| * [[Bile duct tumor]]
| |
| * [[Biliary atresia]]
| |
| * Biliary tract obstruction
| |
| * [[Cholangitis]]
| |
| * [[Cholecystitis]]
| |
| * [[Choledocholithiasis]]
| |
| * [[Choledochal cyst]]
| |
| * Conditions following [[hemorrhage]]
| |
| * [[Congestive Heart Failure]]
| |
| * [[Crigler-Najjar Syndrome]]
| |
| * [[Cystic Fibrosis]]
| |
| * [[Cytomegalovirus]] (CMV)
| |
| * Decompensated [[cirrhosis]]
| |
| * [[Dubin-Johnson Syndrome]]
| |
| * [[Drugs]] and toxins
| |
| * [[Eclampsia]]
| |
| * [[Epstein-Barr Virus]] (EBV)
| |
| * Fetal [[erythroblastosis]]
| |
| * Following [[hemolytic disease of the newborn]] syndrome
| |
| * [[Galactosemia]]
| |
| * [[Gallbladder tumor]]
| |
| * [[Gilbert's Syndrome]]
| |
| * [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
| |
| * [[Graft-versus-host disease]]
| |
| * [[HELLP Syndrome]] ('''H'''emolysis, '''E'''levated '''L'''iver enzymes, '''L'''ow '''P'''latelet count)
| |
| * Hepatic trauma
| |
| * [[Hepatitis]]
| |
| * Hepatotoxic liver damage
| |
| * Hyperbilirubinemia after heart surgery
| |
| * Hyperbilirubinemia after portocaval shunt insertion
| |
| * [[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]
| |
| * Hypermethioninemia
| |
| * [[Hypopituitarism]]
| |
| * [[Hypothyroidism]]
| |
| * Intrauterine viral infections
| |
| * Intrahepatic cholestasis of [[pregnancy]]
| |
| * Intrahepatic and extrahepatic [[biliary atresia]]
| |
| * Intravascular [[hemolysis]]
| |
| * Jaundice of newborn
| |
| * [[Liver abscess]]
| |
| * Liver allograft rejection
| |
| * [[Liver cell carcinoma]]
| |
| * [[Lucey-Driscoll Syndrome]]
| |
| * [[Lymphoma]]
| |
| * [[Malignancy]]
| |
| * Neonatal [[hepatitis]]
| |
| * Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or [[non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
| |
| * [[Pancreatic cancer]]
| |
| * [[Pancreatitis]]
| |
| * [[Parasite]]s
| |
| * [[Pernicious anemia]]
| |
| * [[Polycythemia vera]]
| |
| * Postoperative jaundice
| |
| * [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
| |
| * [[Hyperbilirubinemia|Primary hyperbilirubinemia]]
| |
| * [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
| |
| * [[Rotor's Syndrome]]
| |
| * [[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| * [[Sepsis]]
| |
| * [[Shock]]
| |
| * [[Sickle Cell Anemia]]
| |
| * [[Spherocytosis]]
| |
| * Storage diseases
| |
| * Strictures
| |
| * [[Thalassemia]]
| |
| * Total parenteral nutrition
| |
| * [[Transfusion]] reaction
| |
| * [[Trisomy 18]]
| |
| * [[Tuberculosis]]
| |
| * [[Tyrosinemia]]
| |
| * [[Viral hepatitis]] ([[Hepatitis A|A]], [[Hepatitis B|B]], [[Hepatitis C|C]], [[Hepatitis D|D]], [[Hepatitis E|E]])
| |
|
| |
|
| == Diagnosis ==
| | '''For the approach to a patient with jaundice, click [[Approach to a patient with jaundice|here]].''' |
| === History ===
| |
| The caregiver should ask questions regarding
| |
| * Alcohol/hepatotoxic medication use
| |
|
| |
|
| '''Various Symptoms''' | | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{FKH}}, {{FA}}, {{EG}}, {{MJ}} |
| * '''Alcohol Hepatitis'''
| |
| *:* Aspartate aminotransferase:alanine aminotransferase ratio > 2 (AST:ALT)
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Fever|Fever]]
| |
| *:* [[Leukocytosis]]
| |
| * '''Viral Hepatitis'''
| |
| *:* [[Anorexia]]
| |
| *:* Dark urine
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Fatigue|Fatigue]]
| |
| *:* [[Hepatomegaly]]
| |
| *:* Light-colored (acholic) loss stools
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Nausea and Vomiting|Nausea]]
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Pruritis|Pruritis]]
| |
| *:* [[Abdominal pain|Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain]]
| |
| *:* [[Nausea and Vomiting]]
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Physical Examination===
| | {{Jaundice}} |
| * Complete physical exam including evidence of:
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Hepatomegaly|Hepatomegaly]]
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Splenomegaly|Splenomegaly]]
| |
| *:* Palpable gallbladder
| |
| *:* Signs of chronic liver disease
| |
| '''Appearance of the Patient'''
| |
| '''Skin'''
| |
| * Jaundice is visible in conjunctiva, skin and mucosa when the serum bilirubin level rises above 2 mg/dL
| |
| '''Eyes'''
| |
| * Jaundice is usually best seen in the periphery of the ocular conjunctivae
| |
| '''Abdomen'''
| |
| * Hepatomegaly may be present
| |
| '''Neurologic'''
| |
| * A flap may be present
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Laboratory Findings===
| | '''''Synonyms and keywords:''''' Icterus; hyperbilirubinemia, yellow discolouration. |
| * Total and unconjugated bilirubin
| |
| * Aspartate aminotransferase
| |
| * Alanine aminotransferase
| |
| * Albumin
| |
| * Alkaline phosphatase
| |
| * HIV serologies
| |
| * Hepatitis serologies
| |
| * Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
| |
| * Antimitochondrial antibodies
| |
| * Haptoglobin
| |
| * Reticulocyte count
| |
| * Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
| |
|
| |
|
| ''''''Pre-hepatic'''''' -(or hemolytic) jaundice is caused by anything which causes an increased rate of [[hemolysis]] (breakdown of [[red blood cell]]s). In tropical countries, [[malaria]] can cause jaundice in this manner. Certain [[Genetic disorder|genetic diseases]], such as[[sickle cell anemia]] and [[glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]] can lead to increased red cell lysis and therefore hemolytic jaundice. Commonly, diseases of the kidney, such as [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], can also lead to coloration. Defects in [[bilirubin metabolism]] also present as jaundice. Jaundice usually comes with high fevers.
| | ==[[Jaundice overview|Overview]]== |
|
| |
|
| The laboratory findings include
| | ==[[Jaundice historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| * Urine: no bilirubin present, urobilirubin > 2 units (except in infants where [[gut flora]] has not developed).
| |
| * Serum: increased unconjugated bilirubin.
| |
|
| |
|
| | ==[[Jaundice classification scheme|Classification]]== |
|
| |
|
| ''''''Hepatic causes'''''' include acute [[hepatitis]], [[hepatotoxicity]] and [[alcoholic liver disease]], whereby cell necrosis reduces the liver's ability to metabolise and excrete [[bilirubin]] leading to a buildup in the blood. Less common causes include [[primary biliary cirrhosis]],[[Gilbert's syndrome]] (a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism which can result in mild jaundice, which is found in about 5% of the population) and [[metastasis|metastatic]] [[carcinoma]]. Jaundice seen in the newborn, known as neonatal jaundice, is common, occurring in almost every newborn as [[hepatic]] machinery for the conjugation and excretion of bilirubin does not fully mature until approximately two weeks of age..
| | ==[[Jaundice pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
|
| |
|
| Laboratory Findings: Urine: bilirubin present, Urobilirubin > 2 units but variable (Except in children)
| | ==[[Jaundice causes|Causes]]== |
|
| |
|
| | ==[[Jaundice differential diagnosis|Differentiating Jaundice from other Conditions]]== |
|
| |
|
| ''''''Post-hepatic'''''' (or obstructive) jaundice, also called [[cholestasis]], is caused by an interruption to the drainage of [[bile]] in the biliary system. The most common causes are [[gallstone]]s in the [[common bile duct]], and [[pancreatic cancer]] in the head of the [[pancreas]]. Also, a group of parasites known as "[[liver fluke]]s" live in the common bile duct, causing obstructive jaundice. Other causes include strictures of the common bile duct, [[biliary atresia]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[pancreatic pseudocyst]]s. A rare cause of obstructive jaundice is [[Mirizzi's syndrome]].
| | ==[[Jaundice epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
|
| |
|
| The presence of pale stools and dark urine suggests an obstructive or post-hepatic cause as normal feces get their color from [[bile pigment]]s.
| | ==[[Jaundice risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
|
| |
|
| Patients also can present with elevated serum cholesterol.
| | ==[[Jaundice screening|Screening]]== |
|
| |
|
| Patients often complain of severe itching or "pruritus".
| | ==[[Jaundice natural history|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
|
| |
|
| === MRI and CT === | | ==Diagnosis== |
| * Abdominal CT scan may be helpful
| | [[Jaundice history & symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Jaundice physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Jaundice lab tests|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Jaundice chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Jaundice CT|CT]] | [[Jaundice MRI|MRI]] | [[Jaundice echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Jaundice other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Jaundice other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| === Echocardiography or Ultrasound ===
| |
| * Abdominal ultrasound
| |
| === Other Diagnostic Studies ===
| |
| * Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP)
| |
|
| |
|
| == Treatment == | | == Treatment == |
| * Discontinue (and avoid) use of hepatotoxic medications
| | [[Jaundice medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Jaundice surgery|Surgery]] | [[Jaundice primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Jaundice secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Jaundice cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Jaundice future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| * Rehydrate
| |
| * Treat underlying etiologies
| |
| === Acute Pharmacotherapies ===
| |
| * Steroids
| |
| ===Surgery and Device Based Therapy===
| |
| * Cholecystectomy or ERCP
| |
| | |
|
| |
|
| ==External links== | | ==Case Studies== |
|
| |
|
| [http://www.childliverdisease.org/education/yellowalert - Children's Liver Disease Foundation: information on jaundice in infants] | | [[Jaundice case study one|Case #1]] |
|
| |
|
| ==See also== | | ==Related Chapters== |
| *[[Cholestasis]] | | *[[Cholestasis]] |
| | | *[[Bilirubin]] |
| ==External Links==
| |
| * [http://www.bidmc.org/YourHealth/ConditionsAZ.aspx?ChunkID=11737 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center: Jaundice] | |
| | |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
|
| |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |
|
| |
| {{SIB}}
| |
| {{Symptoms and signs}}
| |
| [[ar:يرقان]]
| |
| [[bs:Žutica]]
| |
| [[ca:Icterícia]]
| |
| [[cs:Žloutenka]]
| |
| [[da:Gulsot]]
| |
| [[de:Ikterus]]
| |
| [[es:Ictericia]]
| |
| [[eo:Iktero]]
| |
| [[fr:Ictère]]
| |
| [[it:Ittero]]
| |
| [[he:צהבת]]
| |
| [[la:Icterus]]
| |
| [[lt:Gelta]]
| |
| [[ml:മഞ്ഞപ്പിത്തം]]
| |
| [[ms:Demam kuning jaundis]]
| |
| [[nl:Geelzucht]]
| |
| [[ja:黄疸]]
| |
| [[no:Gulsott]]
| |
| [[nn:Gulsot]]
| |
| [[pl:Żółtaczka (medycyna)]]
| |
| [[pt:Icterícia]]
| |
| [[sk:Žltačka]]
| |
| [[sl:Zlatenica]]
| |
| [[fi:Keltaisuus]]
| |
| [[sv:Gulsot]]
| |
| [[te:పచ్చకామెర్లు]]
| |
| [[tr:Sarılık]]
| |
| [[zh:黄疸]]
| |
|
| |
| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}} | | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
| | <references /> |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
| [[Category:Digestive system]]
| |
| [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] |
| [[Category:Hepatology]] | | [[Category:Hepatology]] |
| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
| |