Osteoporosis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
{{Osteoporosis}}
{{Osteoporosis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}}, [[User:Raviteja Reddy Guddeti|Raviteja Guddeti,M.B.B.S.]][mailto:ravitheja.g@gmail.com], {{EG}}
__NOTOC__
 
'''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}, [[User:Raviteja Reddy Guddeti|Raviteja Guddeti,M.B.B.S.]][mailto:rgudetti@perfuse.org]  
==Overview==
Osteoporosis may be caused by conditions that can lead to the disturbed balance between [[bone]] formation and [[bone]] resorption. Common causes of osteoporosis include [[aging]], [[menopause]], [[nutritional deficiency]] of [[calcium]] and/or [[vitamin D]], [[chronic renal failure]], immobility, [[hyperparathyroidism]], and chronic [[glucocorticoid]] abuse.
 
==Causes==
 
=== Life-Threatening Causes ===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent [[disability]] within 24 hours, if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[osteoporosis]]. However, complications resulting from untreated [[osteoporosis]] are common.


==Causes==
===Common causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Aging]]  
*[[Aging]]  
*[[Alcoholism]]  
*[[Alcoholism]]  
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[Calcium deficiency]]  
*[[Calcium deficiency]]  
*[[Chronic renal failure]]  
*[[Chronic renal failure]]  
*[[Female athlete triad]]
*[[Gonadal dysgenesis]]  
*[[Gonadal dysgenesis]]  
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
Line 24: Line 28:
*[[Primary hypoparathyroidism]]
*[[Primary hypoparathyroidism]]


===Causes by Organ System===
=== Less common causes ===
{{Columns-list|3|
*[[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]]
 
*[[Acromegaly]]<ref name="pmid22461828">{{cite journal |vauthors=Padova G, Borzì G, Incorvaia L, Siciliano G, Migliorino V, Vetri M, Tita P |title=Prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in acromegalic patients |journal=Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=37–43 |year=2011 |pmid=22461828 |pmc=3279059 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]]
 
*[[Adrenal adenoma]]
 
*[[Adrenal incidentaloma]]
 
*[[Adrenocortical carcinoma]]
 
*[[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]]<ref name="pmid19841552">{{cite journal |author=Goswami M, Verma M, Singh A, Grewal H, Kumar G |title=Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: a rare case report |journal=J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=184–8 |year=2009 |pmid=19841552 |doi=10.4103/0970-4388.57101 |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Alpha thalassemia]]
 
*[[Andropause]]<ref name="pmid22400185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krysiak R, Okopień B |title=[Pathogenesis and clinical presentation of andropause] |language=Polish |journal=Pol. Merkur. Lekarski |volume=32 |issue=187 |pages=70–3 |year=2012 |pmid=22400185 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
 
*[[Aromatase deficiency]]
 
*[[Boyd-Stearns syndrome]]
 
*[[Brown-Sequard Syndrome]]<ref name="pmid1431871">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saltzstein RJ, Hardin S, Hastings J |title=Osteoporosis in spinal cord injury: using an index of mobility and its relationship to bone density |journal=J Am Paraplegia Soc |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=232–4 |year=1992 |pmid=1431871 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Chromosome 1, deletion q21 q25]]
 
*[[Chronic acidosis]]
 
*[[Chronic Hepatitis]]
 
*[[Chronic Liver Disease]]
 
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
 
*[[Copper deficiency]]<ref name="pmid22025246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nojiri H, Saita Y, Morikawa D, Kobayashi K, Tsuda C, Miyazaki T, Saito M, Marumo K, Yonezawa I, Kaneko K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T |title=Cytoplasmic superoxide causes bone fragility owing to low-turnover osteoporosis and impaired collagen cross-linking |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=2682–94 |year=2011 |pmid=22025246 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.489 |url=}}</ref>


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
*[[Crohn's disease]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
 
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Werner syndrome]], [[Storm syndrome]]
*[[Cushing's disease]]
 
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22450549">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lekva T, Ueland T, Bøyum H, Evang JA, Godang K, Bollerslev J |title=TXNIP is highly regulated in bone biopsies from patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome and related to bone turnover |journal=Eur. J. Endocrinol. |volume=166 |issue=6 |pages=1039–48 |year=2012 |pmid=22450549 |doi=10.1530/EJE-11-1082 |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Cyproterone]]<ref name="pmid12877306">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grasswick LJ, Bradford JM |title=Osteoporosis associated with the treatment of paraphilias: a clinical review of seven case reports |journal=J. Forensic Sci. |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=849–55 |year=2003 |pmid=12877306 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11469484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vasireddy S, Swinson DR |title=Male osteoporosis associated with longterm cyproterone treatment |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=1702–3 |year=2001 |pmid=11469484 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]]
 
*[[Cystic Fibrosis]]
 
*[[Depression]]<ref name="pmid17112423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gold DT, Solimeo S |title=Osteoporosis and depression: a historical perspective |journal=Curr Osteoporos Rep |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=134–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17112423 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]]
 
*[[Dibasic aminoaciduria 2]]
 
*[[Dyskeratosis Congenita|Dyskeratosis Congenital]]<ref name="pmid18028256">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pignolo RJ, Suda RK, McMillan EA, Shen J, Lee SH, Choi Y, Wright AC, Johnson FB |title=Defects in telomere maintenance molecules impair osteoblast differentiation and promote osteoporosis |journal=Aging Cell |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |year=2008 |pmid=18028256 |pmc=2394673 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00350.x |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]]
 
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]- progeroid form
 
*[[Ethanol]]
 
*Excessive [[Dieting]]
 
*[[Exemestane]]
 
*[[Fabry's disease]]
 
*[[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]]
 
*[[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]]
 
*[[Female athlete triad]]
 
*[[Flunisolide]]
 
*[[Fluticasone]] (aerosol)
 
*[[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]]
 
*[[Galactorrhoea]]-[[Hyperprolactinaemia]]
 
*[[Generalized mastocytosis]]<ref name="pmid9129284">{{cite journal |author=Delsignore JL, Dvoretsky PM, Hicks DG, O'Keefe RJ, Rosier RN |title=Mastocytosis presenting as a skeletal disorder |journal=Iowa Orthop J |volume=16 |issue= |pages=126–34 |year=1996 |pmid=9129284 |pmc=2378151 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Geroderma osteodysplastica]]<ref name="pmid17014644">{{cite journal |author=Boente Mdel C, Asial RA, Winik BC |title=Geroderma osteodysplastica. Report of a new family |journal=Pediatr Dermatol |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=467–72 |year=2006 |pmid=17014644 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00285.x |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Glycerol kinase]] deficiency
 
*[[Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia]]<ref name="pmid11547842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riminucci M, Collins MT, Corsi A, Boyde A, Murphey MD, Wientroub S, Kuznetsov SA, Cherman N, Robey PG, Bianco P |title=Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia: a syndrome of fibro-osseous lesions of jawbones, bone fragility, and long bone bowing |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=1710–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11547842 |doi=10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.9.1710 |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Haemochromatosis]]
*[[Hajdu-Cheney syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22570971">{{cite journal |author=Nozaki T, Ihara K, Makimura M, Kinjo T, Hara T |title=A girl with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome and premature ovarian failure |journal=J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=25 |issue=1-2 |pages=171–3 |year=2012 |pmid=22570971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]]
*[[Hemoglobin H disease]]
*[[Heparin]]
*[[Homocystinuria]]
*[[Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome]]<ref name="pmid16838330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hennekam RC |title=Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: review of the phenotype |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=140 |issue=23 |pages=2603–24 |year=2006 |pmid=16838330 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.31346 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hyper IgE syndrome]] / [[Job syndrome]]
*[[Hyperadrenalism]]
*[[Hyperglycerolemia]] - infantile form
*Hyperostosis corticalis deformans juvenilis
*[[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]]
*[[Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]] -- [[Syndactyly]]
*[[Hyperprolactinemia]]
*[[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]]
*Iridogoniodysgenesis and skeletal anomalies
*[[Isotretinoin]]
*Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome<ref name="pmid1415349">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaler SG, Garrity AM, Stern HJ, Rosenbaum KN, Orrison BM, Marini JC, Bernardini I, Saal HM |title=New autosomal recessive syndrome of sparse hair, osteopenia, and mental retardation in Mennonite sisters |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=983–8 |year=1992 |pmid=1415349 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320430615 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Kallmann syndrome]]
*[[Klinefelter syndrome]]<ref name="pmid21214887">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Foresta C |title=Bone density and risk of osteoporosis in Klinefelter syndrome |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=878–84 |year=2011 |pmid=21214887 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02138.x |url=}}</ref>
*[[Kidney disease]]
*[[Lactotroph adenoma]]
*Larsen syndrome, recessive type<ref name="pmid9237505">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kurtoglu S, Dundar M, Hallaç IK, Uzüm K, Okumuş Y, Oktem T |title=Polycystic kidney disease, biliary dysgenesis in a patient with Larsen's syndrome |journal=Clin. Genet. |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=408–11 |year=1997 |pmid=9237505 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Lobstein disease]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Lysinuric protein intolerance]]
*[[Maldigestion]]
*Marie-Bamberg syndrome
*[[Menkes Disease]]<ref name="pmid15876739">{{cite journal| author=Tanaka H| title=[Systemic bone diseases; clues for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoporosis]. | journal=Clin Calcium | year= 2005 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 776-82 | pmid=15876739 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15876739  }}</ref>
*[[Menopause]]
*Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Spahr type
*[[Metaphyseal dysplasia Pyle type]]
*[[Methylmalonic acidemia]]
*[[Morquio syndrome]]
*[[Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19653001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gok F, Crettol LM, Alanay Y, Hacihamdioglu B, Kocaoglu M, Bonafe L, Ozen S |title=Clinical and radiographic findings in two brothers affected with a novel mutation in matrix metalloproteinase 2 gene |journal=Eur. J. Pediatr. |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=363–7 |year=2010 |pmid=19653001 |doi=10.1007/s00431-009-1028-7 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Oncogenic osteomalacia]]
*[[Oophorectomy]] - bilateral
*[[Orchidectomy]]
*[[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]]<ref name="pmid2783003">{{cite journal |author=Khaldi F, Bennaceur B, Gharbi HA |title=[Familial osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism associated with deafness and tapeto-retinal heredo-degeneration] |language=French |journal=Arch. Fr. Pediatr. |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=429–32 |year=1989 |pmid=2783003 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
*Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness<ref name="pmid7265806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heide T |title=[A syndrome of osteogenesis imperfecta, macrocephaly, wormian bones, frontal bossing, brachytelephalangy, hyperextensible joints, congenital blindness and oligophrenia in 3 sibs (author's transl)] |language=German |journal=Klin Padiatr |volume=193 |issue=4 |pages=334–40 |year=1981 |pmid=7265806 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1034490 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8721572">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hernández A, Nazará Z, Reynoso MC, Sarralde A, Bobadilla L, Fragoso R |title=Generalized osteoporosis in a patient with oculocutaneous hypopigmentation syndrome (OOCHS), without cerebral defects. A new syndrome? |journal=Clin. Genet. |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=46–8 |year=1996 |pmid=8721572 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome<ref name="pmid8659519">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gong Y, Vikkula M, Boon L, Liu J, Beighton P, Ramesar R, Peltonen L, Somer H, Hirose T, Dallapiccola B, De Paepe A, Swoboda W, Zabel B, Superti-Furga A, Steinmann B, Brunner HG, Jans A, Boles RG, Adkins W, van den Boogaard MJ, Olsen BR, Warman ML |title=Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, a disorder affecting skeletal strength and vision, is assigned to chromosome region 11q12-13 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=146–51 |year=1996 |pmid=8659519 |pmc=1915094 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
* [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]]
* [[Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance]]
* [[Ovarian insufficiency, familial]]
* [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile]]
* [[Pergolide]]
* Pena Shokeir syndrome
* Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency
* Pointer syndrome<ref name="pmid9028464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huq AH, Braverman RM, Greenberg F, Bacino CA, Rimoin DL, Lachman RS, Levin ML |title=The Pointer syndrome: a new syndrome with skeletal abnormalities, camptodactyly, facial anomalies, and feeding difficulties |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=225–30 |year=1997 |pmid=9028464 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Postgastrectomy]]
* [[Prader-Willi syndrome]]
* [[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid22708337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dytfeld J, Horst-Sikorska W |title=Pregnancy associated osteoporosis--a case report |journal=Ginekol. Pol. |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=377–9 |year=2012 |pmid=22708337 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Premature aging]]
* [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
* [[Primary hypoparathyroidism]]
* [[Prolidase deficiency]]
* [[Protein deficiency]]
* Pseudoprogeria syndrome
* [[Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome]]
* [[Renal osteodystrophy]]
* [[Sakati syndrome]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome
* [[Sickle cell anemia]]<ref name="pmid22662000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elshal MF, Bernawi AE, Al-Ghamdy MA, Jalal JA |title=The association of bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone with serum magnesium in adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia |journal=Arch Med Sci |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=270–6 |year=2012 |pmid=22662000 |pmc=3361039 |doi=10.5114/aoms.2012.28554 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]]
* [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]]<ref name="pmid175395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gay BB, Kuhn JP |title=A syndrome of widened medullary cavities of bone, aortic calcification, abnormal dentition, and muscular weakness (the Singleton-Merten syndrome) |journal=Radiology |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=389–95 |year=1976 |pmid=175395 |doi=10.1148/118.2.389 |url=}}</ref>
* Snyder-Robinson syndrome<ref name="pmid19206178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becerra-Solano LE, Butler J, Castañeda-Cisneros G, McCloskey DE, Wang X, Pegg AE, Schwartz CE, Sánchez-Corona J, García-Ortiz JE |title=A missense mutation, p.V132G, in the X-linked spermine synthase gene (SMS) causes Snyder-Robinson syndrome |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=149A |issue=3 |pages=328–35 |year=2009 |pmid=19206178 |pmc=2653108 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.32641 |url=}}</ref>
* Spinocerebellar ataxia -- dysmorphism
* Sponastrime dysplasia<ref name="pmid2771481">{{cite journal |author=Lachman RS, Stoss H, Spranger J |title=Sponastrime dysplasia. A radiologic-pathologic correlation |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=19 |issue=6-7 |pages=417–24 |year=1989 |pmid=2771481 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations
* Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta
* Spondylo-ocular syndrome<ref name="pmid12719077">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rudolph G, Kalpadakis P, Bettecken T, Lichtner P, Haritoglou C, Hergersberg M, Meitinger T, Schmidt H |title=Spondylo-ocular syndrome: a new entity with crystalline lens malformation, cataract, retinal detachment, osteoporosis, and platyspondyly |journal=Am. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=135 |issue=5 |pages=681–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12719077 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Storm syndrome]]
* [[Sub clinical hypothyroidism]]
* Systemic infantile hyalinosis
* Thick skull syndrome
* Torg osteolysis syndrome<ref name="pmid20720557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeong SY, Kim BY, Kim HJ, Yang JA, Kim OH |title=A novel homozygous MMP2 mutation in a patient with Torg-Winchester syndrome |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=764–6 |year=2010 |pmid=20720557 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2010.102 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome]]
* [[Tuberous sclerosis]]
* [[Turner's syndrome]]
* [[Ulcerative colitis]]
* [[Underweight]]
* [[Urban rogers meyer syndrome]]
* [[Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]]
* [[Werner syndrome]]
* White Phosphorus poisoning
* [[Wilson's Disease]]
* [[Winchester syndrome]]
* [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]<ref name="pmid10932183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delépine M, Nicolino M, Barrett T, Golamaully M, Lathrop GM, Julier C |title=EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=406–9 |year=2000 |pmid=10932183 |doi=10.1038/78085 |url=}}</ref>
* Wolman syndrome
* [[Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase]] (XGPT) deficiency
* [[Zero gravity]]
}}
 
===Causes by organ system===
 
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Werner syndrome]], [[Storm syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ethanol]], [[White Phosphorus poisoning]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ethanol]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dyskeratosis Congenita]], [[Fontaine-Farriaux-Blanckaert syndrome]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome]], [[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]], [[Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase]] (XGPT) deficiency, [[Tuberous sclerosis]], [[Winchester syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dyskeratosis Congenita]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome]], [[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]], [[Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (XGPT) deficiency]], [[Tuberous sclerosis]], [[Winchester syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cyproterone]], [[Exemestane]], [[Heparin]], [[Prednisolone]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cyproterone]], [[Dexamethasone]], [[Exemestane]], [[Flunisolide]], [[Goserelin]], [[Heparin]], [[Isotretinoin]], [[Methylprednisolone]],[[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Pergolide]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Prednisolone]], [[Prednisone]], [[Triamcinolone]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]], [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Rajab-Spranger syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]], [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Rajab-Spranger syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal adenoma]], [[Adrenal incidentaloma]], [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]], [[Andropause]], [[Acromegaly]],[[Aromatase deficiency]], [[Cushing's disease]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[Diabetes Mellitus]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Gonadal dysgenesis]], [[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]], [[Hyperadrenalism]], [[Hyperparathyroidism]],[[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]] -- [[Syndactyly]], [[Hypopituitaryism]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[Oncogenic osteomalacia]], [[Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance]], [[Primary hypoparathyroidism]], [[Sub clinical hypothyroidism]], [[Galactorrhoea]]-[[Hyperprolactinaemia]], [[Prader-Willi syndrome]], [[Ovarian insufficiency]], [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adrenal adenoma]], [[Adrenal incidentaloma]], [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]], [[Andropause]], [[Acromegaly]], [[Aromatase deficiency]], [[Cushing's disease]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[Diabetes Mellitus]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Gonadal dysgenesis]], [[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]], [[Hyperadrenalism]], [[Hyperparathyroidism]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]] -- [[Syndactyly]], [[Hypopituitaryism]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[Oncogenic osteomalacia]], [[Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance]], [[Primary hypoparathyroidism]], [[Sub clinical hypothyroidism]], [[Galactorrhoea]]-[[Hyperprolactinaemia]], [[Prader-Willi syndrome]], [[Ovarian insufficiency]], [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Celiac Disease]], [[Cholestasis]], [[Chronic Hepatitis]], [[Chronic Liver Disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Cystic Fibrosis]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Haemochromatosis]], [[Maldigestion]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome]], [[Ulcerative colitis]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Wolman syndrome]], [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Celiac Disease]], [[Cholestasis]], [[Chronic Hepatitis]], [[Chronic Liver Disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Cystic Fibrosis]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Haemochromatosis]], [[Maldigestion]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome]], [[Ulcerative colitis]], [[Wilson's Disease]], Wolman syndrome, [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]], [[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]], [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]], [[Chromosome 1, deletion q21 q25]], [[Down Syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]] - progeroid form , [[Geroderma osteodysplastica]], [[Hajdu-Cheney syndrome]], [[Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome]], [[Hyper IgE syndrome]] / [[Job syndrome]], [[Iridogoniodysgenesis and skeletal anomalies]], [[Larsen syndrome, recessive type]], [[Lobstein disease]],[[Lockwood-Feingold syndrome]], [[Lysinuric protein intolerance]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Spahr type]], [[Metaphyseal dysplasia Pyle type]], [[Menkes Disease]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[Osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[Osteolysis hereditary multicentric]], [[Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome]], [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]],[[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile]], [[Pena Shokeir syndrome]], [[Prolidase deficiency]], [[Sakati syndrome]], [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], [[Sponastrime dysplasia]], [[Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations]], [[Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta]], [[Spondylo-ocular syndrome]], [[Snyder-Robinson syndrome]], [[Storm syndrome]], [[Thick skull syndrome]], [[Urban rogers meyer syndrome]], [[Spinocerebellar ataxia --dysmorphism]], [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]], [[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]], [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]], [[Chromosome 1, deletion q21 q25]], [[Down Syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - progeroid form]], [[Geroderma osteodysplastica]], [[Hajdu-Cheney syndrome]], [[Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome]], [[Hyper IgE syndrome]]/[[Job syndrome]], Iridogoniodysgenesis and skeletal anomalies, Larsen syndrome- recessive type, [[Lobstein disease]], [[Lockwood-Feingold syndrome]], [[Lysinuric protein intolerance]], [[Marfan syndrome]], Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Spahr type, [[Metaphyseal dysplasia Pyle type]], [[Menkes Disease]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[Osteogenesis imperfecta]], Osteolysis hereditary multicentric, Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile]], Pena Shokeir syndrome, [[Prolidase deficiency]], [[Sakati syndrome]], [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], [[Sponastrime dysplasia]], Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations, Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta, Spondylo-ocular syndrome, Snyder-Robinson syndrome, [[Storm syndrome]], Thick skull syndrome, [[Urban rogers meyer syndrome]], Spinocerebellar ataxia --dysmorphism, [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha thalassemia]], [[Beta thalassemia]], [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]], [[Generalized mastocytosis]], [[Hemoglobin H disease]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple Myeloma]], [[Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alpha thalassemia]], [[Beta thalassemia]], [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]], [[Generalized mastocytosis]], [[Hemoglobin H disease]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple Myeloma]], [[Sickle cell anemia]], [[Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Glucocorticoid]]-induced osteoporosis, [[Anticonvulsant]]-induced osteoporosis
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]], [[Boyd-Stearns syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]] - progeroid form, [[Female athlete triad]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Fontaine-Farriaux-, lanckaert syndrome]], [[Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia]], [[Geroderma osteodysplastica]], [[Hyperostosis corticalis deformans juvenilis]], [[Hajdu-Cheney syndrome]], [[Hyper IgE syndrome]] / [[Job syndrome]], [[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome]], [[Lobstein disease]], [[Lockwood-Feingold syndrome]], [[Osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[Pena Shokeir syndrome]], [[Oncogenic osteomalacia]], [[Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness]], [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Paget's disease of bone]], [[Pointer syndrome]], [[Prader-Willi syndrome]], [[Richieri-Costa Da Silva syndrome]], [[Riley Shwachman syndrome]], [[Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome]], [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], [[Sponastrime dysplasia]], [[Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations]], [[Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta]], [[Spondylo-ocular syndrome]],[[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]], [[Systemic infantile hyalinosis]], [[Torg osteolysis syndrome]], [[Snyder-Robinson syndrome]], [[Thick skull syndrome]], [[Winchester syndrome]], [[Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase]] (XGPT) deficiency
| bgcolor="Beige" |  [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]], [[Boyd-Stearns syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|Ehlers-Danlos syndrome- progeroid form]], [[Female athlete triad]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], Fontaine-Farriaux-Lanckaert syndrome, [[Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia]], [[Geroderma osteodysplastica]], Hyperostosis corticalis deformans juvenilis, [[Hajdu-Cheney syndrome]], [[Hyper IgE syndrome]]/[[Job syndrome]], [[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome, [[Lobstein disease]], [[Lockwood-Feingold syndrome]], [[Osteogenesis imperfecta]], Pena Shokeir syndrome, [[Oncogenic osteomalacia]], Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness, [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Paget's disease of bone]], Pointer syndrome, [[Prader-Willi syndrome]], Richieri-Costa Da Silva syndrome, Riley Shwachman syndrome, Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], Sponastrime dysplasia, Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations, Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta, Spondylo-ocular syndrome,[[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]], Systemic infantile hyalinosis, Torg osteolysis syndrome, Snyder-Robinson syndrome, Thick skull syndrome, [[Winchester syndrome]], [[Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase|Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (XGPT) deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]], [[Brown-Sequard Syndrome]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lactotroph adenoma]], [[Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]], [[Brown-Sequard Syndrome]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lactotroph adenoma]], Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism, [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile]], [[Rajab-Spranger syndrome]], Snyder-Robinson syndrome, Spinocerebellar ataxia -- dysmorphism, [[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]] , [[Tuberous sclerosis]], [[Werner syndrome]], [[Wilson's Disease]]
, [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile]], [[Rajab-Spranger syndrome]], [[Snyder-Robinson syndrome]], [[Spinocerebellar ataxia -- dysmorphism]], [[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]] , [[Tuberous sclerosis]], [[Werner syndrome]], [[Wilson's Disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[Calcium deficiency]], [[Copper deficiency]], [[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[Dibasic aminoaciduria 2]], Excessive [[Dieting]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[Glycerol kinase deficiency]], [[Homocystinuria]], [[Hyperglycerolemia - infantile form]], [[Haemochromatosis]], [[Hypophosphatemic rickets]], [[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[Lysinuric protein intolerance]], [[Menkes Disease]], [[Methylmalonic acidemia]], [[Oxalosis]], [[Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency]], [[Prolidase deficiency]], [[Protein deficiency]], [[Underweight]], [[Vitamin C deficiency]] / [[Scurvy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |  [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[Calcium deficiency]], [[Copper deficiency]], [[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[Dibasic aminoaciduria 2]], Excessive [[Dieting]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[Glycerol kinase deficiency]], [[Homocystinuria]], Hyperglycerolemia - infantile form, [[Haemochromatosis]], [[Hypophosphatemic rickets]], [[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[Lysinuric protein intolerance]], [[Menkes Disease]], [[Methylmalonic acidemia]], [[Oxalosis]], Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency, [[Prolidase deficiency]], [[Protein deficiency]], [[Underweight]], [[Vitamin C deficiency]]/[[Scurvy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Female athlete triad]], [[Menopause]], [[Ovarian insufficiency]], [[Pregnancy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Female athlete triad]], [[Menopause]], [[Ovarian insufficiency]], [[Pregnancy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal adenoma]], [[Adrenal incidentaloma]], [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lactotroph adenoma]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple Myeloma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adrenal adenoma]], [[Adrenal incidentaloma]], [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lactotroph adenoma]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple Myeloma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]], [[Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism]], [[Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness]], [[Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome]], [[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]], [[Spondylo-ocular syndrome]], [[Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome]], [[Winchester syndrome]], [[Werner syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]], Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism, Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness, Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, [[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]], Spondylo-ocular syndrome, Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, [[Winchester syndrome]], [[Werner syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Depression]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[Cystic Fibrosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[Cystic Fibrosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]], [[Chronic acidosis]], [[Chronic hypophosphatemia]], [[Chronic renal failure]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Kidney disease]], [[Renal osteodystrophy]], [[Short stature -- hyperkaliemia -- acidosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]], [[Chronic acidosis]], [[Chronic hypophosphatemia]], [[Chronic renal failure]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Kidney disease]], [[Renal osteodystrophy]], Short stature -- hyperkaliemia -- acidosis
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Dyskeratosis Congenita]], [[Rheumatoid disease]], [[Sarcoidosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Dyskeratosis Congenita]], [[Rheumatoid disease]], [[Sarcoidosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aging]], [[Alcoholism]], [[Athletes]], [[Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome]], [[Davis syndrome]], [[Idiopathic]], [[Immobility]], [[Lack of exercise]], [[Marie-Bamberg syndrome]], [[Mixed connective tissue disease]], [[Orchidectomy]], [[Postgastrectomy]], [[Premature aging]], [[Pseudoprogeria syndrome]], [[Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome]], [[Zero gravity]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aging]], [[Alcoholism]], [[Athletes]], [[Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome]], Davis syndrome, [[Idiopathic]], [[Immobility]], Lack of exercise, Marie-Bamberg syndrome, [[Mixed connective tissue disease]], [[Orchidectomy]], [[Postgastrectomy]], [[Premature aging]], Pseudoprogeria syndrome, [[Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome]], [[Zero gravity]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in alphabetical order===
{{MultiCol}}
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]]
*[[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]]


*[[Acromegaly]]
*[[Acromegaly]]<ref name="pmid22461828">{{cite journal |vauthors=Padova G, Borzì G, Incorvaia L, Siciliano G, Migliorino V, Vetri M, Tita P |title=Prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in acromegalic patients |journal=Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=37–43 |year=2011 |pmid=22461828 |pmc=3279059 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]]
*[[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]]


Line 157: Line 350:
*[[Aging]]
*[[Aging]]


*[[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]]
*[[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]]<ref name="pmid19841552">{{cite journal |author=Goswami M, Verma M, Singh A, Grewal H, Kumar G |title=Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: a rare case report |journal=J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=184–8 |year=2009 |pmid=19841552 |doi=10.4103/0970-4388.57101 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Alcoholism]]<ref name="pmid22408860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Legrand E, Hoppé E, Bouvard B, Audran M |title=[Osteoporosis in men] |language=French |journal=Rev Prat |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=193–7 |year=2012 |pmid=22408860 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Alpha thalassemia]]
*[[Alpha thalassemia]]


*[[Andropause]]
*[[Andropause]]<ref name="pmid22400185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krysiak R, Okopień B |title=[Pathogenesis and clinical presentation of andropause] |language=Polish |journal=Pol. Merkur. Lekarski |volume=32 |issue=187 |pages=70–3 |year=2012 |pmid=22400185 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]


*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[Anticonvulsant]]


*[[Aromatase deficiency]]
*[[Aromatase deficiency]]
Line 174: Line 369:


*[[Beta thalassemia]]
*[[Beta thalassemia]]
*[[Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome]]


*[[Boyd-Stearns syndrome]]
*[[Boyd-Stearns syndrome]]


*[[Brown-Sequard Syndrome]]
*[[Brown-Sequard Syndrome]]<ref name="pmid1431871">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saltzstein RJ, Hardin S, Hastings J |title=Osteoporosis in spinal cord injury: using an index of mobility and its relationship to bone density |journal=J Am Paraplegia Soc |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=232–4 |year=1992 |pmid=1431871 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Calcium deficiency]]
*[[Calcium deficiency]]
Line 199: Line 392:
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]


*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]<ref name="pmid787723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parfitt AM |title=The actions of parathyroid hormone on bone: relation to bone remodeling and turnover, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic bone disease. Part IV of IV parts: The state of the bones in uremic hyperaparathyroidism--the mechanisms of skeletal resistance to PTH in renal failure and pseudohypoparathyroidism and the role of PTH in osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and osteofluorosis |journal=Metab. Clin. Exp. |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1157–88 |year=1976 |pmid=787723 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Copper deficiency]]
*[[Copper deficiency]]<ref name="pmid22025246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nojiri H, Saita Y, Morikawa D, Kobayashi K, Tsuda C, Miyazaki T, Saito M, Marumo K, Yonezawa I, Kaneko K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T |title=Cytoplasmic superoxide causes bone fragility owing to low-turnover osteoporosis and impaired collagen cross-linking |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=2682–94 |year=2011 |pmid=22025246 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.489 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
Line 207: Line 400:
*[[Cushing's disease]]
*[[Cushing's disease]]


*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22450549">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lekva T, Ueland T, Bøyum H, Evang JA, Godang K, Bollerslev J |title=TXNIP is highly regulated in bone biopsies from patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome and related to bone turnover |journal=Eur. J. Endocrinol. |volume=166 |issue=6 |pages=1039–48 |year=2012 |pmid=22450549 |doi=10.1530/EJE-11-1082 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Cyproterone]]
*[[Cyproterone]]<ref name="pmid12877306">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grasswick LJ, Bradford JM |title=Osteoporosis associated with the treatment of paraphilias: a clinical review of seven case reports |journal=J. Forensic Sci. |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=849–55 |year=2003 |pmid=12877306 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11469484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vasireddy S, Swinson DR |title=Male osteoporosis associated with longterm cyproterone treatment |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=1702–3 |year=2001 |pmid=11469484 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]]
*[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]]
Line 215: Line 408:
*[[Cystic Fibrosis]]
*[[Cystic Fibrosis]]


*[[Davis syndrome]]
*[[Depression]]<ref name="pmid17112423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gold DT, Solimeo S |title=Osteoporosis and depression: a historical perspective |journal=Curr Osteoporos Rep |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=134–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17112423 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Dexamethasone]]


*[[Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Diabetes Mellitus]]
Line 225: Line 420:
*[[Down Syndrome]]
*[[Down Syndrome]]


*[[Dyskeratosis Congenita]]
*Dyskeratosis Congenital<ref name="pmid18028256">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pignolo RJ, Suda RK, McMillan EA, Shen J, Lee SH, Choi Y, Wright AC, Johnson FB |title=Defects in telomere maintenance molecules impair osteoblast differentiation and promote osteoporosis |journal=Aging Cell |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |year=2008 |pmid=18028256 |pmc=2394673 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00350.x |url=}}</ref>


*[[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]]
*[[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]]
Line 245: Line 440:
*[[Female athlete triad]]
*[[Female athlete triad]]


*[[Fontaine-Farriaux-Blanckaert syndrome]]
*[[Flunisolide]]
 
*[[Fluticasone]] (aerosol)


*[[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]]
*[[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]]
Line 251: Line 448:
*[[Galactorrhoea]]-[[Hyperprolactinaemia]]
*[[Galactorrhoea]]-[[Hyperprolactinaemia]]


*[[Generalized mastocytosis]]
*[[Generalized mastocytosis]]<ref name="pmid9129284">{{cite journal |author=Delsignore JL, Dvoretsky PM, Hicks DG, O'Keefe RJ, Rosier RN |title=Mastocytosis presenting as a skeletal disorder |journal=Iowa Orthop J |volume=16 |issue= |pages=126–34 |year=1996 |pmid=9129284 |pmc=2378151 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Geroderma osteodysplastica]]
*[[Geroderma osteodysplastica]]<ref name="pmid17014644">{{cite journal |author=Boente Mdel C, Asial RA, Winik BC |title=Geroderma osteodysplastica. Report of a new family |journal=Pediatr Dermatol |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=467–72 |year=2006 |pmid=17014644 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00285.x |url=}}</ref>


{{ColBreak}}
*[[Glycerol kinase]] deficiency


*[[Glycerol kinase]] deficiency
*[[Glucocorticoid]]s


*[[Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia]]
*[[Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia]]<ref name="pmid11547842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riminucci M, Collins MT, Corsi A, Boyde A, Murphey MD, Wientroub S, Kuznetsov SA, Cherman N, Robey PG, Bianco P |title=Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia: a syndrome of fibro-osseous lesions of jawbones, bone fragility, and long bone bowing |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=1710–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11547842 |doi=10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.9.1710 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Gonadal dysgenesis]]
*[[Gonadal dysgenesis]]
{{ColBreak}}


*[[Haemochromatosis]]
*[[Haemochromatosis]]


*[[Hajdu-Cheney syndrome]]
*[[Hajdu-Cheney syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22570971">{{cite journal |author=Nozaki T, Ihara K, Makimura M, Kinjo T, Hara T |title=A girl with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome and premature ovarian failure |journal=J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=25 |issue=1-2 |pages=171–3 |year=2012 |pmid=22570971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]]
*[[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]]
Line 275: Line 474:
*[[Homocystinuria]]
*[[Homocystinuria]]


*[[Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome]]
*[[Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome]]<ref name="pmid16838330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hennekam RC |title=Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: review of the phenotype |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=140 |issue=23 |pages=2603–24 |year=2006 |pmid=16838330 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.31346 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Hyper IgE syndrome]] / [[Job syndrome]]
*[[Hyper IgE syndrome]] / [[Job syndrome]]
Line 281: Line 480:
*[[Hyperadrenalism]]
*[[Hyperadrenalism]]


*[[Hyperglycerolemia - infantile form]]
*[[Hyperglycerolemia]] - infantile form


*[[Hyperostosis corticalis deformans juvenilis]]
*Hyperostosis corticalis deformans juvenilis


*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
Line 294: Line 493:


*[[Hypophosphatemic rickets]]
*[[Hypophosphatemic rickets]]
*Hypothalamic [[amenorrhea]]<ref name="pmid22144221">{{cite journal |author=Sowińska-Przepiera E, Andrysiak-Mamos E, Jarząbek-Bielecka G, Friebe Z, Syrenicz A |title=Effects of oestrogen deficiency on bone mineralisation in girls during "adolescent crisis" |journal=Endokrynol Pol |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=538–46 |year=2011 |pmid=22144221 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hyperprolactinemia]]


*[[Hypopituitaryism]]
*[[Hypopituitaryism]]
Line 303: Line 506:
*[[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]]
*[[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]]


*[[Iridogoniodysgenesis and skeletal anomalies]]
*Iridogoniodysgenesis and skeletal anomalies
 
*[[Isotretinoin]]
 
*Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome<ref name="pmid1415349">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaler SG, Garrity AM, Stern HJ, Rosenbaum KN, Orrison BM, Marini JC, Bernardini I, Saal HM |title=New autosomal recessive syndrome of sparse hair, osteopenia, and mental retardation in Mennonite sisters |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=983–8 |year=1992 |pmid=1415349 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320430615 |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Kallmann syndrome]]


*[[Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome]]
*[[Klinefelter syndrome]]<ref name="pmid21214887">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Foresta C |title=Bone density and risk of osteoporosis in Klinefelter syndrome |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=878–84 |year=2011 |pmid=21214887 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02138.x |url=}}</ref>


*[[Kidney disease]]
*[[Kidney disease]]


*[[Lack of exercise]]
*Lack of exercise


*[[Lactotroph adenoma]]
*[[Lactotroph adenoma]]


*[[Larsen syndrome, recessive type]]
*Larsen syndrome, recessive type<ref name="pmid9237505">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kurtoglu S, Dundar M, Hallaç IK, Uzüm K, Okumuş Y, Oktem T |title=Polycystic kidney disease, biliary dysgenesis in a patient with Larsen's syndrome |journal=Clin. Genet. |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=408–11 |year=1997 |pmid=9237505 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Leukemia]]


*[[Lobstein disease]]
*[[Lobstein disease]]
*[[Lockwood-Feingold syndrome]]


*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
Line 329: Line 536:
*[[Marfan syndrome]]
*[[Marfan syndrome]]


*[[Marie-Bamberg syndrome]]
*Marie-Bamberg syndrome


*[[Menkes Disease]]
*[[Menkes Disease]]<ref name="pmid15876739">{{cite journal| author=Tanaka H| title=[Systemic bone diseases; clues for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoporosis]. | journal=Clin Calcium | year= 2005 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 776-82 | pmid=15876739 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15876739  }} </ref>


*[[Menopause]]
*[[Menopause]]
Line 349: Line 556:
*[[Multiple Myeloma]]
*[[Multiple Myeloma]]


*[[Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome]]
*[[Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19653001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gok F, Crettol LM, Alanay Y, Hacihamdioglu B, Kocaoglu M, Bonafe L, Ozen S |title=Clinical and radiographic findings in two brothers affected with a novel mutation in matrix metalloproteinase 2 gene |journal=Eur. J. Pediatr. |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=363–7 |year=2010 |pmid=19653001 |doi=10.1007/s00431-009-1028-7 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Oncogenic osteomalacia]]
*[[Oncogenic osteomalacia]]
*[[Oophorectomy]] - bilateral


*[[Orchidectomy]]
*[[Orchidectomy]]


*[[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]]
*[[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]]<ref name="pmid2783003">{{cite journal |author=Khaldi F, Bennaceur B, Gharbi HA |title=[Familial osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism associated with deafness and tapeto-retinal heredo-degeneration] |language=French |journal=Arch. Fr. Pediatr. |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=429–32 |year=1989 |pmid=2783003 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]


*[[Osteolysis hereditary multicentric]]
*Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness<ref name="pmid7265806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heide T |title=[A syndrome of osteogenesis imperfecta, macrocephaly, wormian bones, frontal bossing, brachytelephalangy, hyperextensible joints, congenital blindness and oligophrenia in 3 sibs (author's transl)] |language=German |journal=Klin Padiatr |volume=193 |issue=4 |pages=334–40 |year=1981 |pmid=7265806 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1034490 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism]]
*[[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8721572">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hernández A, Nazará Z, Reynoso MC, Sarralde A, Bobadilla L, Fragoso R |title=Generalized osteoporosis in a patient with oculocutaneous hypopigmentation syndrome (OOCHS), without cerebral defects. A new syndrome? |journal=Clin. Genet. |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=46–8 |year=1996 |pmid=8721572 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness]]
*Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome<ref name="pmid8659519">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gong Y, Vikkula M, Boon L, Liu J, Beighton P, Ramesar R, Peltonen L, Somer H, Hirose T, Dallapiccola B, De Paepe A, Swoboda W, Zabel B, Superti-Furga A, Steinmann B, Brunner HG, Jans A, Boles RG, Adkins W, van den Boogaard MJ, Olsen BR, Warman ML |title=Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, a disorder affecting skeletal strength and vision, is assigned to chromosome region 11q12-13 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=146–51 |year=1996 |pmid=8659519 |pmc=1915094 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]]
 
*[[Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome]]


{{ColBreak}}
{{ColBreak}}
Line 376: Line 581:


*[[Ovarian insufficiency, familial]]
*[[Ovarian insufficiency, familial]]
*[[Oxalosis]]


*[[Paget's disease of bone]]
*[[Paget's disease of bone]]
Line 383: Line 586:
*[[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile]]
*[[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile]]


*[[Pena Shokeir syndrome]]
*[[Pergolide]]
 
*Pena Shokeir syndrome


*[[Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency]]
*Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency


*[[Pointer syndrome]]
*Pointer syndrome<ref name="pmid9028464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huq AH, Braverman RM, Greenberg F, Bacino CA, Rimoin DL, Lachman RS, Levin ML |title=The Pointer syndrome: a new syndrome with skeletal abnormalities, camptodactyly, facial anomalies, and feeding difficulties |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=225–30 |year=1997 |pmid=9028464 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Postgastrectomy]]
*[[Postgastrectomy]]
Line 393: Line 598:
*[[Prader-Willi syndrome]]
*[[Prader-Willi syndrome]]


*[[Prednisolone]]
*[[Prednisolone]]<ref name="pmid1525702">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olgaard K, Storm T, van Wowern N, Daugaard H, Egfjord M, Lewin E, Brandi L |title=Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in the lumbar spine, forearm, and mandible of nephrotic patients: a double-blind study on the high-dose, long-term effects of prednisone versus deflazacort |journal=Calcif. Tissue Int. |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=490–7 |year=1992 |pmid=1525702 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Prednisone]]
 
*[[Premature ovarian failure]]
 
*[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid22708337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dytfeld J, Horst-Sikorska W |title=Pregnancy associated osteoporosis--a case report |journal=Ginekol. Pol. |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=377–9 |year=2012 |pmid=22708337 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Premature aging]]
*[[Premature aging]]
Line 407: Line 616:
*[[Protein deficiency]]
*[[Protein deficiency]]


*[[Pseudoprogeria syndrome]]
*Pseudoprogeria syndrome
 
*[[Rajab-Spranger syndrome]]


*[[Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome]]
*[[Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome]]
Line 416: Line 623:


*[[Rheumatoid disease]]
*[[Rheumatoid disease]]
*[[Richieri-Costa Da Silva syndrome]]
*[[Riley Shwachman syndrome]]


*[[Sakati syndrome]]
*[[Sakati syndrome]]
Line 425: Line 628:
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]


*[[Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome]]
*Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome


*[[Short stature -- hyperkaliemia -- acidosis]]
*[[Sickle cell anemia]]<ref name="pmid22662000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elshal MF, Bernawi AE, Al-Ghamdy MA, Jalal JA |title=The association of bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone with serum magnesium in adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia |journal=Arch Med Sci |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=270–6 |year=2012 |pmid=22662000 |pmc=3361039 |doi=10.5114/aoms.2012.28554 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]]
*[[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]]


*[[Singleton-Merten syndrome]]
*[[Singleton-Merten syndrome]]<ref name="pmid175395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gay BB, Kuhn JP |title=A syndrome of widened medullary cavities of bone, aortic calcification, abnormal dentition, and muscular weakness (the Singleton-Merten syndrome) |journal=Radiology |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=389–95 |year=1976 |pmid=175395 |doi=10.1148/118.2.389 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Snyder-Robinson syndrome]]
*Snyder-Robinson syndrome<ref name="pmid19206178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becerra-Solano LE, Butler J, Castañeda-Cisneros G, McCloskey DE, Wang X, Pegg AE, Schwartz CE, Sánchez-Corona J, García-Ortiz JE |title=A missense mutation, p.V132G, in the X-linked spermine synthase gene (SMS) causes Snyder-Robinson syndrome |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=149A |issue=3 |pages=328–35 |year=2009 |pmid=19206178 |pmc=2653108 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.32641 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Spinocerebellar ataxia -- dysmorphism]]
*Spinocerebellar ataxia-dysmorphism


*[[Sponastrime dysplasia]]
*Sponastrime dysplasia<ref name="pmid2771481">{{cite journal |author=Lachman RS, Stoss H, Spranger J |title=Sponastrime dysplasia. A radiologic-pathologic correlation |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=19 |issue=6-7 |pages=417–24 |year=1989 |pmid=2771481 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations]]
*Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations


*[[Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta]]
*Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta


*[[Spondylo-ocular syndrome]]
*Spondylo-ocular syndrome<ref name="pmid12719077">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rudolph G, Kalpadakis P, Bettecken T, Lichtner P, Haritoglou C, Hergersberg M, Meitinger T, Schmidt H |title=Spondylo-ocular syndrome: a new entity with crystalline lens malformation, cataract, retinal detachment, osteoporosis, and platyspondyly |journal=Am. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=135 |issue=5 |pages=681–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12719077 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Storm syndrome]]
*[[Storm syndrome]]
Line 449: Line 652:
*[[Sub clinical hypothyroidism]]
*[[Sub clinical hypothyroidism]]


*[[Systemic infantile hyalinosis]]
*Systemic infantile hyalinosis


*[[Thick skull syndrome]]
*Thick skull syndrome


*[[Torg osteolysis syndrome]]
*Torg osteolysis syndrome<ref name="pmid20720557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeong SY, Kim BY, Kim HJ, Yang JA, Kim OH |title=A novel homozygous MMP2 mutation in a patient with Torg-Winchester syndrome |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=764–6 |year=2010 |pmid=20720557 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2010.102 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome]]
*[[Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome]]


*[[Tuberous sclerosis]]
*[[Tuberous sclerosis]]
*[[Turner's syndrome]]


*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
Line 471: Line 676:
*[[Werner syndrome]]
*[[Werner syndrome]]


*[[White Phosphorus poisoning]]
*White Phosphorus poisoning


*[[Wilson's Disease]]
*[[Wilson's Disease]]
Line 477: Line 682:
*[[Winchester syndrome]]
*[[Winchester syndrome]]


*[[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]
*[[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]<ref name="pmid10932183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delépine M, Nicolino M, Barrett T, Golamaully M, Lathrop GM, Julier C |title=EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=406–9 |year=2000 |pmid=10932183 |doi=10.1038/78085 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Wolman syndrome]]
*Wolman syndrome


*[[Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase]] (XGPT) deficiency
*[[Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase]] (XGPT) deficiency
Line 486: Line 691:


{{EndMultiCol}}
{{EndMultiCol}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


{{reflist|2}}
​
 
​


 
[[Category:Medicine]]
 
 
 
 
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Radiology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Skeletal disorders]]
[[Category:Grammar]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{WS}}
 
{{WH}}

Latest revision as of 23:28, 29 July 2020

Osteoporosis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Raviteja Guddeti,M.B.B.S.[3], Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [4]

Overview

Osteoporosis may be caused by conditions that can lead to the disturbed balance between bone formation and bone resorption. Common causes of osteoporosis include aging, menopause, nutritional deficiency of calcium and/or vitamin D, chronic renal failure, immobility, hyperparathyroidism, and chronic glucocorticoid abuse.

Causes

Life-Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours, if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of osteoporosis. However, complications resulting from untreated osteoporosis are common.

Common causes

Less common causes

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

Causes by organ system

Cardiovascular Werner syndrome, Storm syndrome
Chemical / poisoning Ethanol
Dermatologic Dyskeratosis Congenita, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome, Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome, Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (XGPT) deficiency, Tuberous sclerosis, Winchester syndrome
Drug Side Effect Cyproterone, Dexamethasone, Exemestane, Flunisolide, Goserelin, Heparin, Isotretinoin, Methylprednisolone,Oxcarbazepine, Pergolide, Pramipexole, Prednisolone, Prednisone, Triamcinolone
Ear Nose Throat Eccentrochondrodysplasia, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa, Rajab-Spranger syndrome
Endocrine Adrenal adenoma, Adrenal incidentaloma, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Andropause, Acromegaly, Aromatase deficiency, Cushing's disease, Cushing's syndrome, Diabetes Mellitus, Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, Gonadal dysgenesis, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Hyperadrenalism, Hyperparathyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism -- Syndactyly, Hypopituitaryism, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Oncogenic osteomalacia, Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance, Primary hypoparathyroidism, Sub clinical hypothyroidism, Galactorrhoea-Hyperprolactinaemia, Prader-Willi syndrome, Ovarian insufficiency, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Celiac Disease, Cholestasis, Chronic Hepatitis, Chronic Liver Disease, Crohn's disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome, Haemochromatosis, Maldigestion, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome, Ulcerative colitis, Wilson's Disease, Wolman syndrome, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome
Genetic Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome, Acroosteolysis neurogenic, Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, Chromosome 1, deletion q21 q25, Down Syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - progeroid form, Geroderma osteodysplastica, Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome, Hyper IgE syndrome/Job syndrome, Iridogoniodysgenesis and skeletal anomalies, Larsen syndrome- recessive type, Lobstein disease, Lockwood-Feingold syndrome, Lysinuric protein intolerance, Marfan syndrome, Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Spahr type, Metaphyseal dysplasia Pyle type, Menkes Disease, Morquio syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Osteolysis hereditary multicentric, Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile, Pena Shokeir syndrome, Prolidase deficiency, Sakati syndrome, Singleton-Merten syndrome, Sponastrime dysplasia, Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations, Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta, Spondylo-ocular syndrome, Snyder-Robinson syndrome, Storm syndrome, Thick skull syndrome, Urban rogers meyer syndrome, Spinocerebellar ataxia --dysmorphism, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome
Hematologic Alpha thalassemia, Beta thalassemia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Generalized mastocytosis, Hemoglobin H disease, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma, Sickle cell anemia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, Anticonvulsant-induced osteoporosis
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, Boyd-Stearns syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome- progeroid form, Female athlete triad, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Fontaine-Farriaux-Lanckaert syndrome, Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia, Geroderma osteodysplastica, Hyperostosis corticalis deformans juvenilis, Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, Hyper IgE syndrome/Job syndrome, Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome, Lobstein disease, Lockwood-Feingold syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Pena Shokeir syndrome, Oncogenic osteomalacia, Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa, Paget's disease of bone, Pointer syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Richieri-Costa Da Silva syndrome, Riley Shwachman syndrome, Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, Singleton-Merten syndrome, Sponastrime dysplasia, Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations, Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta, Spondylo-ocular syndrome,Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis, Systemic infantile hyalinosis, Torg osteolysis syndrome, Snyder-Robinson syndrome, Thick skull syndrome, Winchester syndrome, Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (XGPT) deficiency
Neurologic Acroosteolysis neurogenic, Brown-Sequard Syndrome, Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome, Lactotroph adenoma, Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile, Rajab-Spranger syndrome, Snyder-Robinson syndrome, Spinocerebellar ataxia -- dysmorphism, Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis , Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome, Wilson's Disease
Nutritional/Metabolic Anorexia nervosa, Calcium deficiency, Copper deficiency, Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, Dibasic aminoaciduria 2, Excessive Dieting, Fabry's disease, Glycerol kinase deficiency, Homocystinuria, Hyperglycerolemia - infantile form, Haemochromatosis, Hypophosphatemic rickets, Infantile sialic acid storage disorder, Lysinuric protein intolerance, Menkes Disease, Methylmalonic acidemia, Oxalosis, Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency, Prolidase deficiency, Protein deficiency, Underweight, Vitamin C deficiency/Scurvy
Obstetric/Gynecologic Female athlete triad, Menopause, Ovarian insufficiency, Pregnancy
Oncologic Adrenal adenoma, Adrenal incidentaloma, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, Leukemia, Lactotroph adenoma, Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma
Opthalmologic Eccentrochondrodysplasia, Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism, Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness, Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa, Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome, Spondylo-ocular syndrome, Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, Winchester syndrome, Werner syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Depression
Pulmonary Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cystic Fibrosis
Renal / Electrolyte Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome, Chronic acidosis, Chronic hypophosphatemia, Chronic renal failure, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome, Kidney disease, Renal osteodystrophy, Short stature -- hyperkaliemia -- acidosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Ankylosing spondylitis, Dyskeratosis Congenita, Rheumatoid disease, Sarcoidosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Aging, Alcoholism, Athletes, Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome, Davis syndrome, Idiopathic, Immobility, Lack of exercise, Marie-Bamberg syndrome, Mixed connective tissue disease, Orchidectomy, Postgastrectomy, Premature aging, Pseudoprogeria syndrome, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, Zero gravity

Causes in alphabetical order

  • Dyskeratosis Congenital[10]
  • Hyperostosis corticalis deformans juvenilis
  • Iridogoniodysgenesis and skeletal anomalies
  • Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome[16]
  • Lack of exercise
  • Larsen syndrome, recessive type[18]
  • Marie-Bamberg syndrome
  • Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness[22]
  • Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome[24]
  • Pena Shokeir syndrome
  • Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency
  • Pointer syndrome[25]
  • Pseudoprogeria syndrome
  • Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome
  • Snyder-Robinson syndrome[29]
  • Spinocerebellar ataxia-dysmorphism
  • Sponastrime dysplasia[30]
  • Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations
  • Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta
  • Spondylo-ocular syndrome[31]
  • Systemic infantile hyalinosis
  • Thick skull syndrome
  • Torg osteolysis syndrome[32]
  • White Phosphorus poisoning
  • Wolman syndrome


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Padova G, Borzì G, Incorvaia L, Siciliano G, Migliorino V, Vetri M, Tita P (2011). "Prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in acromegalic patients". Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 8 (3): 37–43. PMC 3279059. PMID 22461828.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Goswami M, Verma M, Singh A, Grewal H, Kumar G (2009). "Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: a rare case report". J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 27 (3): 184–8. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.57101. PMID 19841552.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Krysiak R, Okopień B (2012). "[Pathogenesis and clinical presentation of andropause]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 32 (187): 70–3. PMID 22400185.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Saltzstein RJ, Hardin S, Hastings J (1992). "Osteoporosis in spinal cord injury: using an index of mobility and its relationship to bone density". J Am Paraplegia Soc. 15 (4): 232–4. PMID 1431871.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nojiri H, Saita Y, Morikawa D, Kobayashi K, Tsuda C, Miyazaki T, Saito M, Marumo K, Yonezawa I, Kaneko K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T (2011). "Cytoplasmic superoxide causes bone fragility owing to low-turnover osteoporosis and impaired collagen cross-linking". J. Bone Miner. Res. 26 (11): 2682–94. doi:10.1002/jbmr.489. PMID 22025246.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lekva T, Ueland T, Bøyum H, Evang JA, Godang K, Bollerslev J (2012). "TXNIP is highly regulated in bone biopsies from patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome and related to bone turnover". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 166 (6): 1039–48. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-1082. PMID 22450549.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Grasswick LJ, Bradford JM (2003). "Osteoporosis associated with the treatment of paraphilias: a clinical review of seven case reports". J. Forensic Sci. 48 (4): 849–55. PMID 12877306.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Vasireddy S, Swinson DR (2001). "Male osteoporosis associated with longterm cyproterone treatment". J. Rheumatol. 28 (7): 1702–3. PMID 11469484.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Gold DT, Solimeo S (2006). "Osteoporosis and depression: a historical perspective". Curr Osteoporos Rep. 4 (4): 134–9. PMID 17112423.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Pignolo RJ, Suda RK, McMillan EA, Shen J, Lee SH, Choi Y, Wright AC, Johnson FB (2008). "Defects in telomere maintenance molecules impair osteoblast differentiation and promote osteoporosis". Aging Cell. 7 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00350.x. PMC 2394673. PMID 18028256.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Delsignore JL, Dvoretsky PM, Hicks DG, O'Keefe RJ, Rosier RN (1996). "Mastocytosis presenting as a skeletal disorder". Iowa Orthop J. 16: 126–34. PMC 2378151. PMID 9129284.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Boente Mdel C, Asial RA, Winik BC (2006). "Geroderma osteodysplastica. Report of a new family". Pediatr Dermatol. 23 (5): 467–72. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00285.x. PMID 17014644.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Riminucci M, Collins MT, Corsi A, Boyde A, Murphey MD, Wientroub S, Kuznetsov SA, Cherman N, Robey PG, Bianco P (2001). "Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia: a syndrome of fibro-osseous lesions of jawbones, bone fragility, and long bone bowing". J. Bone Miner. Res. 16 (9): 1710–8. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.9.1710. PMID 11547842.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Nozaki T, Ihara K, Makimura M, Kinjo T, Hara T (2012). "A girl with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome and premature ovarian failure". J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 25 (1–2): 171–3. PMID 22570971.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hennekam RC (2006). "Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: review of the phenotype". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 140 (23): 2603–24. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31346. PMID 16838330.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kaler SG, Garrity AM, Stern HJ, Rosenbaum KN, Orrison BM, Marini JC, Bernardini I, Saal HM (1992). "New autosomal recessive syndrome of sparse hair, osteopenia, and mental retardation in Mennonite sisters". Am. J. Med. Genet. 43 (6): 983–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320430615. PMID 1415349.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Foresta C (2011). "Bone density and risk of osteoporosis in Klinefelter syndrome". Acta Paediatr. 100 (6): 878–84. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02138.x. PMID 21214887.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Kurtoglu S, Dundar M, Hallaç IK, Uzüm K, Okumuş Y, Oktem T (1997). "Polycystic kidney disease, biliary dysgenesis in a patient with Larsen's syndrome". Clin. Genet. 51 (6): 408–11. PMID 9237505.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Tanaka H (2005). "[Systemic bone diseases; clues for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoporosis]". Clin Calcium. 15 (5): 776–82. PMID 15876739.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Gok F, Crettol LM, Alanay Y, Hacihamdioglu B, Kocaoglu M, Bonafe L, Ozen S (2010). "Clinical and radiographic findings in two brothers affected with a novel mutation in matrix metalloproteinase 2 gene". Eur. J. Pediatr. 169 (3): 363–7. doi:10.1007/s00431-009-1028-7. PMID 19653001.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Khaldi F, Bennaceur B, Gharbi HA (1989). "[Familial osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism associated with deafness and tapeto-retinal heredo-degeneration]". Arch. Fr. Pediatr. (in French). 46 (6): 429–32. PMID 2783003.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Heide T (1981). "[A syndrome of osteogenesis imperfecta, macrocephaly, wormian bones, frontal bossing, brachytelephalangy, hyperextensible joints, congenital blindness and oligophrenia in 3 sibs (author's transl)]". Klin Padiatr (in German). 193 (4): 334–40. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034490. PMID 7265806.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Hernández A, Nazará Z, Reynoso MC, Sarralde A, Bobadilla L, Fragoso R (1996). "Generalized osteoporosis in a patient with oculocutaneous hypopigmentation syndrome (OOCHS), without cerebral defects. A new syndrome?". Clin. Genet. 49 (1): 46–8. PMID 8721572.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Gong Y, Vikkula M, Boon L, Liu J, Beighton P, Ramesar R, Peltonen L, Somer H, Hirose T, Dallapiccola B, De Paepe A, Swoboda W, Zabel B, Superti-Furga A, Steinmann B, Brunner HG, Jans A, Boles RG, Adkins W, van den Boogaard MJ, Olsen BR, Warman ML (1996). "Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, a disorder affecting skeletal strength and vision, is assigned to chromosome region 11q12-13". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59 (1): 146–51. PMC 1915094. PMID 8659519.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Huq AH, Braverman RM, Greenberg F, Bacino CA, Rimoin DL, Lachman RS, Levin ML (1997). "The Pointer syndrome: a new syndrome with skeletal abnormalities, camptodactyly, facial anomalies, and feeding difficulties". Am. J. Med. Genet. 68 (2): 225–30. PMID 9028464.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Dytfeld J, Horst-Sikorska W (2012). "Pregnancy associated osteoporosis--a case report". Ginekol. Pol. 83 (5): 377–9. PMID 22708337.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Elshal MF, Bernawi AE, Al-Ghamdy MA, Jalal JA (2012). "The association of bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone with serum magnesium in adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia". Arch Med Sci. 8 (2): 270–6. doi:10.5114/aoms.2012.28554. PMC 3361039. PMID 22662000.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Gay BB, Kuhn JP (1976). "A syndrome of widened medullary cavities of bone, aortic calcification, abnormal dentition, and muscular weakness (the Singleton-Merten syndrome)". Radiology. 118 (2): 389–95. doi:10.1148/118.2.389. PMID 175395.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Becerra-Solano LE, Butler J, Castañeda-Cisneros G, McCloskey DE, Wang X, Pegg AE, Schwartz CE, Sánchez-Corona J, García-Ortiz JE (2009). "A missense mutation, p.V132G, in the X-linked spermine synthase gene (SMS) causes Snyder-Robinson syndrome". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 149A (3): 328–35. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32641. PMC 2653108. PMID 19206178.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Lachman RS, Stoss H, Spranger J (1989). "Sponastrime dysplasia. A radiologic-pathologic correlation". Pediatr Radiol. 19 (6–7): 417–24. PMID 2771481.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Rudolph G, Kalpadakis P, Bettecken T, Lichtner P, Haritoglou C, Hergersberg M, Meitinger T, Schmidt H (2003). "Spondylo-ocular syndrome: a new entity with crystalline lens malformation, cataract, retinal detachment, osteoporosis, and platyspondyly". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 135 (5): 681–7. PMID 12719077.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Jeong SY, Kim BY, Kim HJ, Yang JA, Kim OH (2010). "A novel homozygous MMP2 mutation in a patient with Torg-Winchester syndrome". J. Hum. Genet. 55 (11): 764–6. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.102. PMID 20720557.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Delépine M, Nicolino M, Barrett T, Golamaully M, Lathrop GM, Julier C (2000). "EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome". Nat. Genet. 25 (4): 406–9. doi:10.1038/78085. PMID 10932183.
  34. ↑ Legrand E, Hoppé E, Bouvard B, Audran M (2012). "[Osteoporosis in men]". Rev Prat (in French). 62 (2): 193–7. PMID 22408860.
  35. ↑ Parfitt AM (1976). "The actions of parathyroid hormone on bone: relation to bone remodeling and turnover, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic bone disease. Part IV of IV parts: The state of the bones in uremic hyperaparathyroidism--the mechanisms of skeletal resistance to PTH in renal failure and pseudohypoparathyroidism and the role of PTH in osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and osteofluorosis". Metab. Clin. Exp. 25 (10): 1157–88. PMID 787723.
  36. ↑ Sowińska-Przepiera E, Andrysiak-Mamos E, Jarząbek-Bielecka G, Friebe Z, Syrenicz A (2011). "Effects of oestrogen deficiency on bone mineralisation in girls during "adolescent crisis"". Endokrynol Pol. 62 (6): 538–46. PMID 22144221.
  37. ↑ Olgaard K, Storm T, van Wowern N, Daugaard H, Egfjord M, Lewin E, Brandi L (1992). "Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in the lumbar spine, forearm, and mandible of nephrotic patients: a double-blind study on the high-dose, long-term effects of prednisone versus deflazacort". Calcif. Tissue Int. 50 (6): 490–7. PMID 1525702.

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