Basal cell carcinoma causes: Difference between revisions
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{{Basal cell carcinoma}} | {{Basal cell carcinoma}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.,{{M.N}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Although the exact [[causes]] were unknown, the following are some of the factors that have been associated with the [[development]] of basal cell carcinoma: [[radiation exposure]], [[gene]] [[mutations]], [[xeroderma pigmentosa]], epidermodysplastic verruciformis, [[nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome]], [[bazex syndrome]], rombo syndrome etc. | |||
==Basal Cell Carcinoma Causes== | |||
Although the exact [[Causes|cause]] is unknown, there are some [[Environmental Health Perspectives|environmental]] and [[genetic]] factors that may predispose to basal cell carcinoma. | |||
The following table summarizes the causes of basal cell carcinoma (BCC): | |||
{| {{table}} cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:#c9c9c9 1px solid; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border-collapse: collapse;" | |||
| align="center" style="background: #4479BA;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Cause'''}} | |||
| align="center" style="background: #4479BA;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Description'''}} | |||
|- | |||
| '''Radiation exposure'''||[[Sunlight]] ([[UV light]]), [[Tanning booths|tanning beds]], and [[x-rays]] exposure are associated with basal cell carcinoma formation<ref name="pmid15737190">{{cite journal| author=Lim JL, Stern RS| title=High levels of ultraviolet B exposure increase the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in psoralen and ultraviolet A-treated patients. | journal=J Invest Dermatol | year= 2005 | volume= 124 | issue= 3 | pages= 505-13 | pmid=15737190 | doi=10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23618.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15737190}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Gene mutations'''||[[TP53 (gene)|TP53 gene]] [[mutations]] and the inappropriate activation of the [[hedgehog signaling pathway]] ([[Loss function|loss-of-function]] [[mutations]] in [[Tumor-suppressor gene|tumor-suppressor]] [[protein]] patched homologue 1 ([[PTCH1]]) and [[Gain-of-function mutation|gain-of-function mutations]] in [[sonic hedgehog]] (SHH), [[smoothened]] (SMO) are associated with basal cell carcinoma<ref name="pmid20546211">{{cite journal| author=de Zwaan SE, Haass NK| title=Genetics of basal cell carcinoma. | journal=Australas J Dermatol | year= 2010 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 81-92; quiz 93-4 | pmid=20546211 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-0960.2009.00579.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20546211 }} </ref> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Xeroderma pigmentosum'''||This an [[autosomal recessive disorder]]; it results in the inability to repair [[ultraviolet]]-induced [[DNA damage]]; pigmentary changes are seen early in [[life]], followed by the [[development]] of basal cell carcinoma, [[squamous cell carcinoma]], and [[malignant melanoma]]; other features include [[corneal]] opacities, eventual [[blindness]], and [[neurological]] deficits<ref name="LearSmith1997">{{cite journal|last1=Lear|first1=J. T.|last2=Smith|first2=A. G.|title=Basal cell carcinoma.|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|volume=73|issue=863|year=1997|pages=538–542|issn=0032-5473|doi=10.1136/pgmj.73.863.538}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Epidermodysplastic verruciformis'''||Epidermodysplastic verruciformis is an [[autosomal recessive disorder]] characterized by the [[development]] of basal cell carcinoma and [[squamous cell carcinoma]] from [[warts]] ([[human papillomavirus]] infection)<ref name="pmid15149508">{{cite journal| author=Harwood CA, Surentheran T, Sasieni P, Proby CM, Bordea C, Leigh IM et al.| title=Increased risk of skin cancer associated with the presence of epidermodysplasia verruciformis human papillomavirus types in normal skin. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2004 | volume= 150 | issue= 5 | pages= 949-57 | pmid=15149508 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05847.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15149508 }} </ref> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome'''||This is an [[autosomal dominant|autosomal dominant disorder]] that can result in basal cell carcinomas, multiple [[Odontogenic keratocyst|odontogenic keratocysts]], palmoplantar pitting, [[intracranial calcification]], and [[rib]] anomalies<ref name="pmid10355946">{{cite journal| author=Cohen MM| title=Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: molecular biology and new hypotheses. | journal=Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 1999 | volume= 28 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-23 | pmid=10355946 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10355946}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Bazex Syndrome'''||The features of [[bazex syndrome]] include follicular atrophoderma, multiple basal cell carcinomas, and [[anhidrosis|local anhidrosis]]<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sunburn prevalence among adults--United States, 1999, 2003, and 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Jun 1. 56(21):524-8</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Rombo syndrome'''||Rombo syndrome is an [[autosomal dominant]] condition distinguished by basal cell carcinoma and atrophoderma vermiculatum, trichoepitheliomas, [[hypotrichosis]] [[milia]], and peripheral [[vasodilation]] with [[cyanosis]]<ref name="pmid6177160">{{cite journal| author=Michaëlsson G, Olsson E, Westermark P| title=The Rombo syndrome: a familial disorder with vermiculate atrophoderma, milia, hypotrichosis, trichoepitheliomas, basal cell carcinomas and peripheral vasodilation with cyanosis. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1981 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 497-503 | pmid=6177160 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6177160 }} </ref> | |||
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==References== | |||
[[Category: | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | [[Category:Dermatology]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Surgery]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:07, 4 April 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D., Maneesha Nandimandalam, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Although the exact causes were unknown, the following are some of the factors that have been associated with the development of basal cell carcinoma: radiation exposure, gene mutations, xeroderma pigmentosa, epidermodysplastic verruciformis, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, bazex syndrome, rombo syndrome etc.
Basal Cell Carcinoma Causes
Although the exact cause is unknown, there are some environmental and genetic factors that may predispose to basal cell carcinoma.
The following table summarizes the causes of basal cell carcinoma (BCC):
| Cause | Description |
| Radiation exposure | Sunlight (UV light), tanning beds, and x-rays exposure are associated with basal cell carcinoma formation[1] |
| Gene mutations | TP53 gene mutations and the inappropriate activation of the hedgehog signaling pathway (loss-of-function mutations in tumor-suppressor protein patched homologue 1 (PTCH1) and gain-of-function mutations in sonic hedgehog (SHH), smoothened (SMO) are associated with basal cell carcinoma[2] |
| Xeroderma pigmentosum | This an autosomal recessive disorder; it results in the inability to repair ultraviolet-induced DNA damage; pigmentary changes are seen early in life, followed by the development of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma; other features include corneal opacities, eventual blindness, and neurological deficits[3] |
| Epidermodysplastic verruciformis | Epidermodysplastic verruciformis is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the development of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma from warts (human papillomavirus infection)[4] |
| Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome | This is an autosomal dominant disorder that can result in basal cell carcinomas, multiple odontogenic keratocysts, palmoplantar pitting, intracranial calcification, and rib anomalies[5] |
| Bazex Syndrome | The features of bazex syndrome include follicular atrophoderma, multiple basal cell carcinomas, and local anhidrosis[6] |
| Rombo syndrome | Rombo syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition distinguished by basal cell carcinoma and atrophoderma vermiculatum, trichoepitheliomas, hypotrichosis milia, and peripheral vasodilation with cyanosis[7] |
References
- ↑ Lim JL, Stern RS (2005). "High levels of ultraviolet B exposure increase the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in psoralen and ultraviolet A-treated patients". J Invest Dermatol. 124 (3): 505–13. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23618.x. PMID 15737190.
- ↑ de Zwaan SE, Haass NK (2010). "Genetics of basal cell carcinoma". Australas J Dermatol. 51 (2): 81–92, quiz 93-4. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.2009.00579.x. PMID 20546211.
- ↑ Lear, J. T.; Smith, A. G. (1997). "Basal cell carcinoma". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 73 (863): 538–542. doi:10.1136/pgmj.73.863.538. ISSN 0032-5473.
- ↑ Harwood CA, Surentheran T, Sasieni P, Proby CM, Bordea C, Leigh IM; et al. (2004). "Increased risk of skin cancer associated with the presence of epidermodysplasia verruciformis human papillomavirus types in normal skin". Br J Dermatol. 150 (5): 949–57. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05847.x. PMID 15149508.
- ↑ Cohen MM (1999). "Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: molecular biology and new hypotheses". Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 28 (3): 216–23. PMID 10355946.
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sunburn prevalence among adults--United States, 1999, 2003, and 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Jun 1. 56(21):524-8
- ↑ Michaëlsson G, Olsson E, Westermark P (1981). "The Rombo syndrome: a familial disorder with vermiculate atrophoderma, milia, hypotrichosis, trichoepitheliomas, basal cell carcinomas and peripheral vasodilation with cyanosis". Acta Derm Venereol. 61 (6): 497–503. PMID 6177160.