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Latest revision as of 14:27, 7 April 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of minerals containing calcium ions (Ca²⁺) together with orthophosphates (PO₄³⁻), metaphosphates or pyrophosphates (P₂O₇⁴⁻) and occasionally hydrogen or hydroxide ions^{[citation needed]}.^[1]

Calcium phosphate is the principal form of calcium found in bovine milk and blood. Seventy percent of bone consists of hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate mineral (known as bone mineral). Tooth enamel is composed of almost ninety percent hydroxyapatite.

Chemical properties

Unlike most other compounds, the solubility level of calcium phosphate becomes lower as temperature increases. Thus heating causes precipitation.

In milk it is found in higher concentrations than would be possible at the normal pH because it exists in a colloidal form in micelles bound to casein protein with magnesium, zinc and citrate - collectively referred to as colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP).^[2]

It is used in the production of phosphoric acid and fertilizers, for example in the Odda process. Overuse of certain forms of calcium phosphate can lead to nutrient-containing surface runoff and subsequent adverse effects upon receiving waters such as algal blooms and eutrophication.

Calcium phosphate is used in baking as the acid in a leavening agent, with E number E341. It is also used in cheese products.

A supersaturated calcium phosphate solution such as Caphosol may be used in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis caused by chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Tricalcium phosphate is also used as a nutritional supplement^[3] and occurs naturally in cow milk^{[citation needed]}, although the most common and economical forms for calcium supplementation are calcium carbonate (which should be taken with food) and calcium citrate (which can be taken without food).^[4] There have been limited studies on the use of Hydroxyapatite as a food supplement, as such, its usage is discouraged.^[4]

It is used in a variety of dental products for remineralization and as a diluent in some medications where it will give the tablet a grey colour in the absence of additional colouring agents.^[5]

Another practical application of the compound is its use in gene transfection of cells.^[6] It is not too well understood, but the calcium phosphate precipitate and DNA form a complex that is thought to help the DNA enter the cell.

It is also being used in the development of contrast agents.^[7]

Calcium phosphates

Monocalcium phosphate, E341(i): Ca(H₂PO₄)₂
Dicalcium phosphate (dibasic calcium phosphate), E341(ii): CaHPO₄
Tricalcium phosphate (tribasic calcium phosphate or tricalcic phosphate), E341(iii): Ca₃(PO₄)₂, sometimes referred to simply as calcium phosphate or calcium orthophosphate
Hydroxyapatite Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)
Apatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH, F, Cl, Br)₂
Octacalcium phosphate Ca₈H₂(PO₄)₆.5H₂O
Biphasic calcium phosphate (not to be confused with dibasic calcium phosphate) is a biomaterial that is biphasic, consisting of a mixture of tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite. It is an alternative to bone grafting that is used around osseous implants (such as dental implants). It gradually resorbs and becomes substituted by new vital bone (via bone regeneration).
Tetracalcium phosphate, Ca₄(PO₄)₂O
Amorphous calcium phosphate, a glassy precipitate of variable composition that may be present in biological systems.

Compendial status

British Pharmacopoeia ^[8]

References

↑ "What Is Calcium Phosphate?".
↑ A. Y. Tamime, ed. (2006). Brined cheeses - The Society of Dairy Technology (SDT). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2460-7.
↑ Bonjour JP, Carrie AL, Ferrari S, Clavien H, Slosman D, Theintz G, Rizzoli R (March 1997). "Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". J. Clin. Invest. 99 (6): 1287–94. doi:10.1172/JCI119287. PMC 507944. PMID 9077538.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Straub DA (June 2007). "Calcium supplementation in clinical practice: a review of forms, doses, and indications". Nutr Clin Pract. 22 (3): 286–96. doi:10.1177/0115426507022003286. PMID 17507729.
↑ Weiner, Myra L.; Lois A. Kotkoskie (1999). Excipient Toxicity and Safety. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8247-8210-8.
↑ Kingston RE, Chen CA, Rose JK (August 2003). "Calcium phosphate transfection". Curr Protoc Mol Biol. Chapter 9: Unit 9.1. doi:10.1002/0471142727.mb0901s63. ISBN 0-471-14272-7. PMID 18265332. |chapter= ignored (help)
↑ Biomaterials. 2013 Sep;34(29):7143-57. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.077. Epub 2013 Jun 21. Multifunctional calcium phosphate nano-contrast agent for combined nuclear, magnetic and near-infrared in vivo imaging. Ashokan A, Gowd GS, Somasundaram VH, Bhupathi A, Peethambaran R, Unni AK, Palaniswamy S, Nair SV, Koyakutty M.
↑ British Pharmacopoeia Commission Secretariat (2009). "Index, BP 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 31 January 2010.

Template:Calcium compounds

nl:Calciumfosfaat

[1] "What Is Calcium Phosphate?".

[2] A. Y. Tamime, ed. (2006). Brined cheeses - The Society of Dairy Technology (SDT). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2460-7.

[pmid9077538-3] Bonjour JP, Carrie AL, Ferrari S, Clavien H, Slosman D, Theintz G, Rizzoli R (March 1997). "Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". J. Clin. Invest. 99 (6): 1287–94. doi:10.1172/JCI119287. PMC 507944. PMID 9077538.

[pmid17507729-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Straub DA (June 2007). "Calcium supplementation in clinical practice: a review of forms, doses, and indications". Nutr Clin Pract. 22 (3): 286–96. doi:10.1177/0115426507022003286. PMID 17507729.

[5] Weiner, Myra L.; Lois A. Kotkoskie (1999). Excipient Toxicity and Safety. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8247-8210-8.

[pmid_18265332-6] Kingston RE, Chen CA, Rose JK (August 2003). "Calcium phosphate transfection". Curr Protoc Mol Biol. Chapter 9: Unit 9.1. doi:10.1002/0471142727.mb0901s63. ISBN 0-471-14272-7. PMID 18265332. |chapter= ignored (help)

[7] Biomaterials. 2013 Sep;34(29):7143-57. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.077. Epub 2013 Jun 21. Multifunctional calcium phosphate nano-contrast agent for combined nuclear, magnetic and near-infrared in vivo imaging. Ashokan A, Gowd GS, Somasundaram VH, Bhupathi A, Peethambaran R, Unni AK, Palaniswamy S, Nair SV, Koyakutty M.

[ib29-8] British Pharmacopoeia Commission Secretariat (2009). "Index, BP 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 31 January 2010.

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[8]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[Image:Calcium dihydrogen phosphate.png|thumb|right|[[Monocalcium phosphate]], Ca(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]]
+[[Image:Dicalcium phosphate.png|thumb|right|[[Dicalcium phosphate]], CaHPO<sub>4</sub> ]]
+[[Image:Tricalcium phosphate.png|thumb|right|[[Tricalcium phosphate]], Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]]
+__Notoc__
 {{SI}}
+{{CMG}}
+==Overview==
+'''Calcium phosphate''' is the name given to a family of [[mineral]]s containing [[calcium]] [[ion]]s (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) together with [[orthophosphate]]s (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>), [[metaphosphate]]s or [[pyrophosphate]]s (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>4−</sup>) and occasionally [[hydrogen ion|hydrogen]] or [[hydroxide]] ions {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=What Is Calcium Phosphate?|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/475373-what-is-calcium-phosphate/}}</ref>
+Calcium phosphate is the principal form of calcium found in bovine milk and blood. Seventy percent of [[bone]] consists of [[hydroxyapatite]], a calcium phosphate mineral (known as [[bone mineral]]). [[Tooth enamel]] is composed of almost ninety percent [[hydroxyapatite]].
+==Chemical properties==
+Unlike most other compounds, the solubility level of calcium phosphate becomes lower as temperature increases. Thus heating causes precipitation.
+In milk it is found in higher concentrations than would be possible at the normal pH because it exists in a colloidal form in [[micelles]] bound to [[casein]] protein with [[magnesium]], [[zinc]] and [[citrate]] - collectively referred to as colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP).<ref>{{cite book |title=Brined cheeses - The Society of Dairy Technology (SDT)|editor= A. Y. Tamime |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4051-2460-7}}</ref>
+It is used in the production of [[phosphoric acid]] and [[fertilizer]]s, for example in the [[Nitrophosphate process|Odda process]]. Overuse of certain forms of calcium phosphate can lead to [[nutrient]]-containing [[surface runoff]] and subsequent adverse effects upon receiving waters such as [[algal bloom]]s  and [[eutrophication]].
+Calcium phosphate is used in baking as the acid in a [[leavening agent]], with [[E number]] E341. It is also used in cheese products.
+A supersaturated calcium phosphate solution such as [[Caphosol]] may be used in the prevention and treatment of [[oral mucositis]] caused by [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]].
-==Overview==
+Tricalcium phosphate is also used as a [[nutritional supplement]]<ref name="pmid9077538">{{cite journal
-'''Calcium phosphate''' is the name given to a family of [[mineral]]s containing [[calcium]] [[ion]]s (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) together with orthophosphates (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>), metaphosphates or [[pyrophosphate]]s (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>4-</sup>) and occasionally [[hydrogen]] or [[hydroxide]] ions.  Seventy percent of bone is made up of [[hydroxylapatite]], a calcium phosphate mineral.
+|author=Bonjour JP, Carrie AL, Ferrari S, Clavien H, Slosman D, Theintz G, Rizzoli R
+|title=Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
+|journal=[[J. Clin. Invest.]]
+|volume=99
+|issue=6
+|pages=1287–94
+|date=March 1997
+|pmid=9077538
+|pmc=507944
+|doi=10.1172/JCI119287
+}}</ref> and occurs naturally in [[cow]] [[milk]] {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}, although the most common and economical forms for calcium supplementation are [[calcium carbonate]] (which should be taken with food) and [[calcium citrate]] (which can be taken without food).<ref name="pmid17507729">{{cite journal
+| doi = 10.1177/0115426507022003286
+| author = Straub DA
+| title = Calcium supplementation in clinical practice: a review of forms, doses, and indications
+| journal = [[Nutr Clin Pract]]
+| volume = 22
+| issue = 3
+| pages = 286–96
+|date=June 2007
+| pmid = 17507729
+| url = http://ncp.sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17507729
+}}</ref>  There have been limited studies on the use of [[Hydroxyapatite]]  as a food supplement, as such, its usage is discouraged.<ref name="pmid17507729" />
-==Uses==
+It is used in a variety of dental products for [[Remineralisation of teeth|remineralization]] and as a [[Excipient#Fillers and diluents|diluent]] in some medications where it will give the tablet a grey colour in the absence of additional colouring agents.<ref>{{Cite book
-Calcium phosphate is also a raising agent, with E number E341. It is also used in cheese products.
+| isbn = 978-0-8247-8210-8
+| pages = 81
+| last = Weiner
+| first = Myra L.
+|author2=Lois A. Kotkoskie
+| title = Excipient Toxicity and Safety
+| year = 1999
+}}</ref>
-It is also used as a [[nutritional supplement]].  There is some debate about the different [[bioavailability|bioavailabilities]] of the different calcium salts.
+Another practical application of the compound is its use in gene [[transfection]] of cells.<ref name="pmid 18265332 ">{{cite journal
+|author=Kingston RE, Chen CA, Rose JK
+|title=Calcium phosphate transfection
+|journal=[[Curr Protoc Mol Biol.]]
+|chapter=9
+|volume=Chapter 9
+|pages=Unit 9.1
+|date=August 2003
+|isbn=0-471-14272-7
+|pmid=18265332
+|doi=10.1002/0471142727.mb0901s63
+}}</ref>   It is not too well understood, but the calcium phosphate precipitate and DNA form a complex that is thought to help the DNA enter the cell.
-It is used in a variety of dental products for [[remineralization]].
+It is also being used in the development of contrast agents.<ref>Biomaterials. 2013 Sep;34(29):7143-57. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.077. Epub 2013 Jun 21. Multifunctional calcium phosphate nano-contrast agent for combined nuclear, magnetic and near-infrared in vivo imaging. Ashokan A, Gowd GS, Somasundaram VH, Bhupathi A, Peethambaran R, Unni AK, Palaniswamy S, Nair SV, Koyakutty M.</ref>
-Another practical application of the compound is its use in gene [[transfection]] of cells.<ref>[http://biologicalworld.com/calciumphosphate.htm Calcium Phosphate Method for Gene Transfection of Mammalian Cells]</ref>  It is not too well understood, but the calcium phosphate precipitate and DNA form a complex that is thought to help the DNA enter the cell, so that new protein can be expressed.
+==Calcium phosphates==
+* [[Monocalcium phosphate]], E341(i): Ca(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
+* [[Dicalcium phosphate]] (dibasic calcium phosphate), E341(ii): CaHPO<sub>4</sub>
+* [[Tricalcium phosphate]] (tribasic calcium phosphate or tricalcic phosphate), E341(iii): Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, sometimes referred to simply as calcium phosphate or calcium orthophosphate
+* [[Hydroxyapatite]] Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH)
+* [[Apatite]] Ca<sub>10</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(OH, F, Cl, Br)<sub>2</sub>
+* [[Octacalcium phosphate]] Ca<sub>8</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O
+* [[tricalcium phosphate|Biphasic calcium phosphate]] (not to be confused with dibasic calcium phosphate) is a [[biomaterial]] that is [[Phase (matter)|biphasic]], consisting of a mixture of tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite. It is an alternative to [[bone grafting]] that is used around osseous [[implant]]s (such as [[dental implant]]s). It gradually [[resorption|resorbs]] and becomes substituted by new vital bone (via bone regeneration).
+* [[Tetracalcium phosphate]], Ca<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O
+* [[Amorphous calcium phosphate]], a glassy precipitate of variable composition that may be present in biological systems.
-==Calcium phosphate compounds==
+== Compendial status ==
+* [[British Pharmacopoeia]] <ref name=ib29>{{cite web
+  | last = British Pharmacopoeia Commission Secretariat
+  | first =
+  | authorlink =
+  | title = Index, BP 2009
+  | work =
+  | publisher =
+  | year = 2009
+  | url = http://www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk/pdf/2009_index.pdf
+  | format =
+  | doi =
+  | accessdate = 31 January 2010
+  }}</ref>
-* [[Calcium dihydrogen phosphate]], E341(i): Ca(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
+==See also==
-* [[Calcium hydrogen phosphate]], E341(ii): CaHPO<sub>4</sub>
+* [[Tricalcium phosphate]]
-* [[Tricalcium phosphate]] (or tricalcic phosphate), E341(iii): Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-{{Mineral supplements}}
+{{Calcium compounds}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Calcium Phosphate}}
 [[Category:Calcium compounds]]
 [[Category:Phosphates]]
-[[Category:Endocrinology]]
+[[Category:Excipients]]
 [[nl:Calciumfosfaat]]
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