Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is estimated to be 5,000 per 100,000 (5%) children and 2,500 per 100,000 (2.5%) adults.<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref> Boys are more commonly affected by ADHD than girls. The male to female ratio is 2 to 1.<ref name="#10">Briars, L., & Todd, T. (2016). A Review of Pharmacological Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT, 21(3), 192–206. http://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192.</ref>


==Prevalance==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
A review of 102 studies estimated ADHD's worldwide [[prevalence]] in people under the age of 19 to be 5.29%. There was wide variability in prevalence estimates, mostly due to the methodological characteristics of studies (for example, diagnostic criteria used) and, to a lesser extent, geographic location (North America having a significantly higher rate of ADHD than Africa and the Middle East).<ref name="Polanczyk">{{cite journal|author=Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA|title=The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis|journal=Am J Psychiatry|date=2007|volume=164|issue=6|pages=942–48 |pmid=17541055|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.942}}</ref>  
===Prevalence===
*The [[prevalence]] of ADHD in children is 5,000 per 100,000 (5%) of the overall population.<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>


==Gender==
*The prevalence of ADHD in adults is 2,500 per 100,000 (2.5%) of the overall population.<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref> The prevalence of diagnosis is increasing in adults to 354 per 1000,000 in 2011<ref name="pmid29765219">{{cite journal| author=Polyzoi M, Ahnemark E, Medin E, Ginsberg Y| title=Estimated prevalence and incidence of diagnosed ADHD and health care utilization in adults in Sweden - a longitudinal population-based register study. | journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat | year= 2018 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 1149-1161 | pmid=29765219 | doi=10.2147/NDT.S155838 | pmc=5944447 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29765219  }} </ref>.
10% of males, and (only) 4% of females have been diagnosed in the U.S.<ref> {{PDFlink|[http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_221.pdf "National Health Interview survey, 2002"]|3.71&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 3892622 bytes -->}}.  Centers for Disease Control (March, 2004). Retrieved on [[December 11]], [[2006]].</ref> This apparent sex difference may reflect either a difference in susceptibility or that females with ADHD are less likely to be diagnosed than males.<ref>Staller J, Faraone SV. (2006) "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls: epidemiology and management." ''CNS Drugs''. 2006;20(2):107–23. PMID 16478287</ref><ref>Biederman J, Faraone SV. (2004) "The [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] studies of gender influences on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in youth and relatives." ''Psychiatr Clin North Am''. Jun;27(2):225–32. PMID 15063995</ref>
 
===Incidence===
*The percentage of children age 4-17 years diagnosed with ADHD increased from 7.8 percent in 2003 to 11 percent in 2011.<ref name="pmid22420039">{{cite journal| author=Zuvekas SH, Vitiello B| title=Stimulant medication use in children: a 12-year perspective. | journal=Am J Psychiatry | year= 2012 | volume= 169 | issue= 2 | pages= 160-6 | pmid=22420039 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030387 | pmc=3548321 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22420039  }} </ref><ref name= "CDC Statistics"> Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html Accessed on Oct 14, 2016. </ref>
 
===Age===
*ADHD is usually first diagnosed in school-aged children. For an adult to be diagnosed with ADHD, the patient’s symptoms must have been present prior to the age of 12.<ref name="#1">National Institute of Mental Health (NIH). (2016). "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder."</ref> However, the average age at diagnosis is 7 years.<ref name= "CDC Statistics"> Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html Accessed on Oct 14, 2016. </ref>
 
===Gender===
*ADHD is more prevalent in males than in females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.<ref name="#10">Briars, L., & Todd, T. (2016). A Review of Pharmacological Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT, 21(3), 192–206. http://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192.</ref>
 
===Race===
*ADHD is observed in patients of all racial/ethnic backgrounds, but does appear to be most common in non-Hispanic Caucasians.<ref name="#10">Briars, L., & Todd, T. (2016). A Review of Pharmacological Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT, 21(3), 192–206. http://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192.</ref>
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
 
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]

Latest revision as of 02:27, 9 November 2023

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2], Haleigh Williams, B.S.

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Overview

The prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is estimated to be 5,000 per 100,000 (5%) children and 2,500 per 100,000 (2.5%) adults.[1] Boys are more commonly affected by ADHD than girls. The male to female ratio is 2 to 1.[2]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of ADHD in children is 5,000 per 100,000 (5%) of the overall population.[1]
  • The prevalence of ADHD in adults is 2,500 per 100,000 (2.5%) of the overall population.[1] The prevalence of diagnosis is increasing in adults to 354 per 1000,000 in 2011[3].

Incidence

  • The percentage of children age 4-17 years diagnosed with ADHD increased from 7.8 percent in 2003 to 11 percent in 2011.[4][5]

Age

  • ADHD is usually first diagnosed in school-aged children. For an adult to be diagnosed with ADHD, the patient’s symptoms must have been present prior to the age of 12.[6] However, the average age at diagnosis is 7 years.[5]

Gender

  • ADHD is more prevalent in males than in females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.[2]

Race

  • ADHD is observed in patients of all racial/ethnic backgrounds, but does appear to be most common in non-Hispanic Caucasians.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Briars, L., & Todd, T. (2016). A Review of Pharmacological Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT, 21(3), 192–206. http://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192.
  3. ↑ Polyzoi M, Ahnemark E, Medin E, Ginsberg Y (2018). "Estimated prevalence and incidence of diagnosed ADHD and health care utilization in adults in Sweden - a longitudinal population-based register study". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 14: 1149–1161. doi:10.2147/NDT.S155838. PMC 5944447. PMID 29765219.
  4. ↑ Zuvekas SH, Vitiello B (2012). "Stimulant medication use in children: a 12-year perspective". Am J Psychiatry. 169 (2): 160–6. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030387. PMC 3548321. PMID 22420039.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html Accessed on Oct 14, 2016.
  6. ↑ National Institute of Mental Health (NIH). (2016). "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder."

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