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{{Hepatocellular carcinoma}} | {{Hepatocellular carcinoma}} | ||
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
IN 1910 Eggel did a survey on literature from all over the world on hepatocellular carcinoma and demonstrated its gross anatomical classification. HCC was first noted to be associated with [[Hepatitis B infection]] in 1970. Kyoto University Japan, developed a technique to use the right lobe of the donor [[liver]]. Total of 48 adult HCC cases underwent transplant until April 2002 with good outcomes. The ongoing advancement in harvesting [[embryonic]] [[stem cells]] for [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] production strongly predicts that the [[liver transplantation]] may someday be replaced by [[stem cell therapy]]. A number of techniques have evolved for the use of [[in vitro]] and [[in vivo]] produced [[hepatocytes]] derived from [[stem cells]] for [[liver transplantation]]. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | |||
*In 1910 Eggel in Germany did a survey on literature from all over the world for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [[Autopsy|autopsies]] out of which he discovered only 163 cases and demonstrated its gross [[anatomical]] classification. It was then speculated that the European numbers were far higher than those outside Europe.<ref>Eggel H, Ueber das prim&-e Carcinom der Leber. Beitr z path Ana z allg Path 1910;30:506-604 </ref> | |||
*In 1911, Yamagiwa suggested a new classification system based on the cell of origin and divided [[Hepato-biliary diseases|hepatobiliary cancers]] into hepatocellular cancer and cholangiocellular cancer, with the proposed terminology of [[hepatoma]] and [[Cholangiocarcinoma|cholangioma]].<ref>Yamagiwa K. Zum Kenntniss des prim%ren parenchymatosen Leberkarzinoms (“Hepatoma”). Virchows Arch Path Anat 1911;203:75-131. </ref><ref name="pmid12405244">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okuda K |title=Hepatocellular carcinoma--history, current status and perspectives |journal=Dig Liver Dis |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=613–6 |year=2002 |pmid=12405244 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*In 1951, Berman drew the world's attention towards the extremely high [[incidence]] of HCC among young Mozambican males which was over 500 times more common in this population as among the northern European counterparts. Higginson followed up and studied the global [[epidemiology]] and confirmed Berman’s report. | |||
*Edmondson with Peters and Simson, Steiner, Nakashima, unequivocally presented that there is a huge regional variation in [[pathology]] and that the HCC does not represent a single disease. [[Liver|Livers]] affected with HCC weighed more than 4 kg at [[autopsy]] among the South African blacks and less than 2 kg in the Japanese population.<ref>Berman C. Primary carcinoma of the Liver. London: Higginson Lewis; 19.5 1.</ref><ref>Okuda K, Peters RL, Simson IW. Gross anatomical features of hepatocellular carcinoma from three disparate geographic areas Proposal of new classification. Cancer 1984;54:2165-73.</ref><ref>Steiner PE. Cancer of the liver and cirrhosis in trans-Saharan Africa and the United States of America. Cancer 1960;13:1085-166.</ref><ref name="pmid6295617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakashima T, Okuda K, Kojiro M, Jimi A, Yamaguchi R, Sakamoto K, Ikari T |title=Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. 232 Consecutive cases autopsied in ten years |journal=Cancer |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=863–77 |year=1983 |pmid=6295617 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Hepatocellular carcinoma was first noted to be associated with [[hepatitis B]] [[infection]] in 1970.<ref name="pmid19399807">{{cite journal| author=Di Bisceglie AM| title=Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. | journal=Hepatology | year= 2009 | volume= 49 | issue= 5 Suppl | pages= S56-60 | pmid=19399807 | doi=10.1002/hep.22962 | pmc=PMC3047495 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19399807 }} </ref> | |||
*Okuda K, Fujimoto I, Hanai A and Urano Y published a study in Japan in 1987 describing the varying trends in the [[incidence]] of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan stating the increase in HCC cases with chronic [[hepatitis C infection]] with [[cirrhosis]] were reported in majority compared to those with [[cirrhosis]] and [[hepatitis B infection]].<ref name="pmid3040235">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okuda K, Fujimoto I, Hanai A, Urano Y |title=Changing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=47 |issue=18 |pages=4967–72 |year=1987 |pmid=3040235 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*In another study by Colombo et al published in 1991, it was noted that patients with [[liver]] [[cirrhosis]] belonging to western countries were at a substantial risk for hepatocellular carcinoma compared to the Asian population, with an annual [[incidence]] rate of 3 percent.<ref name="pmid1651452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Colombo M, de Franchis R, Del Ninno E, Sangiovanni A, De Fazio C, Tommasini M, Donato MF, Piva A, Di Carlo V, Dioguardi N |title=Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=325 |issue=10 |pages=675–80 |year=1991 |pmid=1651452 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199109053251002 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Data obtained from northern European countries was obtained, where the lancet used for [[Smallpox vaccine|smallpox vaccination]] was changed for every child in the distant past, it seemed that [[Smallpox vaccine|smallpox vaccination]] rather than [[intramuscular injection]] of [[vaccine]] was a significant [[iatrogenic]] factor for [[hepatitis C]] [[infection]] ([[HCV infection]]) and [[Hepatitis C|HCV]]-associated HCC in those countries where the same [[lancet]] was used repeatedly for [[vaccination]].<ref name="pmid12405244">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okuda K |title=Hepatocellular carcinoma--history, current status and perspectives |journal=Dig Liver Dis |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=613–6 |year=2002 |pmid=12405244 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*In 1965 another study was done by the Japanese surgeons, [[pathologists]], and [[radiologists]] recruiting patients from 829 participating institutes with more than 17,500 cases of [[Primary liver cell carcinoma|primary liver malignancies]]. The data was compiled annually leading towards progress in the [[diagnosis]] and management of HCC. A broad clinical and pathologic study of small and early HCC was carried out by the Japanese hepatologists and [[radiologists]] and an early detection ([[Screening (medicine)|screening]]) program was developed in which [[ultrasound]] and [[alpha fetoprotein|alpha-fetoprotein]] ([[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]]) measurement are carried out at regular intervals, which lead to an early detection international strategy for [[diagnosis]] and management of HCC.<ref>Okuda K, The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Primary liver cancer in Japan. Cancer 1980;45:2663-9.</ref> | |||
*[[Percutaneous]] [[ethanol]] [[Injection (medicine)|injection]] (PEI) therapy and [[lipiodol]]-assisted chemoembolisation was adopted in Japan in 1983. | |||
*Kyoto University Japan, developed a technique to use the right lobe of the donor [[liver]]. Total of 48 adult HCC cases underwent transplant until April 2002 with good outcomes. | |||
* The ongoing advancement in harvesting [[embryonic]] [[stem cells]] for [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] production strongly predicts that the liver transplantation may someday be replaced by [[stem cell therapy]]. A number of techniques have evolved for the use of [[in vitro]] and [[in vivo]] produced [[hepatocytes]] derived from [[stem cells]] for [[liver transplantation]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2]
Overview
IN 1910 Eggel did a survey on literature from all over the world on hepatocellular carcinoma and demonstrated its gross anatomical classification. HCC was first noted to be associated with Hepatitis B infection in 1970. Kyoto University Japan, developed a technique to use the right lobe of the donor liver. Total of 48 adult HCC cases underwent transplant until April 2002 with good outcomes. The ongoing advancement in harvesting embryonic stem cells for tissue production strongly predicts that the liver transplantation may someday be replaced by stem cell therapy. A number of techniques have evolved for the use of in vitro and in vivo produced hepatocytes derived from stem cells for liver transplantation.
Historical Perspective
- In 1910 Eggel in Germany did a survey on literature from all over the world for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) autopsies out of which he discovered only 163 cases and demonstrated its gross anatomical classification. It was then speculated that the European numbers were far higher than those outside Europe.[1]
- In 1911, Yamagiwa suggested a new classification system based on the cell of origin and divided hepatobiliary cancers into hepatocellular cancer and cholangiocellular cancer, with the proposed terminology of hepatoma and cholangioma.[2][3]
- In 1951, Berman drew the world's attention towards the extremely high incidence of HCC among young Mozambican males which was over 500 times more common in this population as among the northern European counterparts. Higginson followed up and studied the global epidemiology and confirmed Berman’s report.
- Edmondson with Peters and Simson, Steiner, Nakashima, unequivocally presented that there is a huge regional variation in pathology and that the HCC does not represent a single disease. Livers affected with HCC weighed more than 4 kg at autopsy among the South African blacks and less than 2 kg in the Japanese population.[4][5][6][7]
- Hepatocellular carcinoma was first noted to be associated with hepatitis B infection in 1970.[8]
- Okuda K, Fujimoto I, Hanai A and Urano Y published a study in Japan in 1987 describing the varying trends in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan stating the increase in HCC cases with chronic hepatitis C infection with cirrhosis were reported in majority compared to those with cirrhosis and hepatitis B infection.[9]
- In another study by Colombo et al published in 1991, it was noted that patients with liver cirrhosis belonging to western countries were at a substantial risk for hepatocellular carcinoma compared to the Asian population, with an annual incidence rate of 3 percent.[10]
- Data obtained from northern European countries was obtained, where the lancet used for smallpox vaccination was changed for every child in the distant past, it seemed that smallpox vaccination rather than intramuscular injection of vaccine was a significant iatrogenic factor for hepatitis C infection (HCV infection) and HCV-associated HCC in those countries where the same lancet was used repeatedly for vaccination.[3]
- In 1965 another study was done by the Japanese surgeons, pathologists, and radiologists recruiting patients from 829 participating institutes with more than 17,500 cases of primary liver malignancies. The data was compiled annually leading towards progress in the diagnosis and management of HCC. A broad clinical and pathologic study of small and early HCC was carried out by the Japanese hepatologists and radiologists and an early detection (screening) program was developed in which ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) measurement are carried out at regular intervals, which lead to an early detection international strategy for diagnosis and management of HCC.[11]
- Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) therapy and lipiodol-assisted chemoembolisation was adopted in Japan in 1983.
- Kyoto University Japan, developed a technique to use the right lobe of the donor liver. Total of 48 adult HCC cases underwent transplant until April 2002 with good outcomes.
- The ongoing advancement in harvesting embryonic stem cells for tissue production strongly predicts that the liver transplantation may someday be replaced by stem cell therapy. A number of techniques have evolved for the use of in vitro and in vivo produced hepatocytes derived from stem cells for liver transplantation.
References
- ↑ Eggel H, Ueber das prim&-e Carcinom der Leber. Beitr z path Ana z allg Path 1910;30:506-604
- ↑ Yamagiwa K. Zum Kenntniss des prim%ren parenchymatosen Leberkarzinoms (“Hepatoma”). Virchows Arch Path Anat 1911;203:75-131.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Okuda K (2002). "Hepatocellular carcinoma--history, current status and perspectives". Dig Liver Dis. 34 (9): 613–6. PMID 12405244.
- ↑ Berman C. Primary carcinoma of the Liver. London: Higginson Lewis; 19.5 1.
- ↑ Okuda K, Peters RL, Simson IW. Gross anatomical features of hepatocellular carcinoma from three disparate geographic areas Proposal of new classification. Cancer 1984;54:2165-73.
- ↑ Steiner PE. Cancer of the liver and cirrhosis in trans-Saharan Africa and the United States of America. Cancer 1960;13:1085-166.
- ↑ Nakashima T, Okuda K, Kojiro M, Jimi A, Yamaguchi R, Sakamoto K, Ikari T (1983). "Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. 232 Consecutive cases autopsied in ten years". Cancer. 51 (5): 863–77. PMID 6295617.
- ↑ Di Bisceglie AM (2009). "Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma". Hepatology. 49 (5 Suppl): S56–60. doi:10.1002/hep.22962. PMC 3047495. PMID 19399807.
- ↑ Okuda K, Fujimoto I, Hanai A, Urano Y (1987). "Changing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan". Cancer Res. 47 (18): 4967–72. PMID 3040235.
- ↑ Colombo M, de Franchis R, Del Ninno E, Sangiovanni A, De Fazio C, Tommasini M, Donato MF, Piva A, Di Carlo V, Dioguardi N (1991). "Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 325 (10): 675–80. doi:10.1056/NEJM199109053251002. PMID 1651452.
- ↑ Okuda K, The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Primary liver cancer in Japan. Cancer 1980;45:2663-9.