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{{Obsessive-compulsive disorder}}
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== Overview ==
==Overview==
 
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a [[psychiatric]] [[anxiety]] [[disorder]] most commonly characterized by a subject's obsessive, [[distress]]ing, [[intrusive thoughts]] and related [[compulsion]]s (tasks or "rituals") which attempt to neutralize the obsessions.<ref name="pmid28384832">{{cite journal| author=Hirschtritt ME, Bloch MH, Mathews CA| title=Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. | journal=JAMA | year= 2017 | volume= 317 | issue= 13 | pages= 1358-1367 | pmid=28384832 | doi=10.1001/jama.2017.2200 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28384832  }} </ref>
 
==History and Symptoms==
 
===History===
 
*OCD can appear in many different ways. The typical OCD sufferer engages in repetitive behaviors (or compulsions) in order to alleviate [[anxiety]] caused by obsession. These tasks may seem strange and unnecessary to others. However, such tasks can feel extremely important to the sufferer, and they must be completed in specific ways to prevent dire consequences and stress.
 
===Symptoms===
 
*[[Symptoms]] may include some or all of the following:<ref name="pmid28384832">{{cite journal| author=Hirschtritt ME, Bloch MH, Mathews CA| title=Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. | journal=JAMA | year= 2017 | volume= 317 | issue= 13 | pages= 1358-1367 | pmid=28384832 | doi=10.1001/jama.2017.2200 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28384832  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16432526">{{cite journal| author=Rosario-Campos MC, Miguel EC, Quatrano S, Chacon P, Ferrao Y, Findley D et al.| title=The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS): an instrument for assessing obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. | journal=Mol Psychiatry | year= 2006 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 495-504 | pmid=16432526 | doi=10.1038/sj.mp.4001798 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16432526  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20623919">{{cite journal| author=Murphy DL, Timpano KR, Wheaton MG, Greenberg BD, Miguel EC| title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder and its related disorders: a reappraisal of obsessive-compulsive spectrum concepts. | journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci | year= 2010 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 131-48 | pmid=20623919 | doi= | pmc=3181955 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20623919  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25457929">{{cite journal| author=Conelea CA, Walther MR, Freeman JB, Garcia AM, Sapyta J, Khanna M et al.| title=Tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): phenomenology and treatment outcome in the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study II. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2014 | volume= 53 | issue= 12 | pages= 1308-16 | pmid=25457929 | doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.014 | pmc=4254546 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25457929  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=26126872 Review in: Evid Based Ment Health. 2015 Aug;18(3):85] </ref><ref name="pmid19432385">{{cite journal| author=Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA| title=Symptom dimensions and subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a developmental perspective. | journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci | year= 2009 | volume= 11 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-33 | pmid=19432385 | doi= | pmc=3181902 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19432385  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18923068">{{cite journal| author=Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Rosario MC, Pittenger C, Leckman JF| title=Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder. | journal=Am J Psychiatry | year= 2008 | volume= 165 | issue= 12 | pages= 1532-42 | pmid=18923068 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020320 | pmc=3972003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18923068  }} </ref>
**Repeated hand washing.
**Repeated clearing of the [[throat]], although nothing may need to be cleared.
**Specific counting systems &mdash; e.g., counting in groups of four, arranging objects in groups of three, grouping objects in odd/even numbered groups, etc.
***One serious [[symptom]] which stems from this is "counting" steps (e.g., feeling the necessity to take 12 steps to the car in the morning).
**Perfectly aligning objects at complete, absolute right angles, or aligning objects perfectly parallel etc. This [[symptom]] is shared with [[OCPD]] and can be confused with this condition unless it is realized that in OCPD it is not [[stress]]-related.
**Having to "cancel out" bad thoughts with good thoughts. Examples of bad thoughts are:
***Imagining harming a child and having to imagine a child playing happily to cancel it out.
***[[Sexual obsessions]] or unwanted [[sexual]] thoughts. Two classic examples are fear of being homosexual or fear of being a pedophile. In both cases, sufferers will obsess over whether or not they are genuinely aroused by the thoughts.
***Strange and [[chronic]] worry about certain events such as sleeping, eating, leaving home, etc without proper items. An example would  be one who cannot fall asleep without a metronome.
**A fear of contamination (see [[Mysophobia]]); some sufferers may fear the presence of human body secretions such as [[saliva]], [[sweat]], [[tears]], [[vomit]], or [[mucus]], or excretions such as [[urine]] or [[feces]]. Some OCD sufferers fear that the soap they're using is contaminated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homestead.com/westsuffolkpsych/Dirt.html |title=OCD and Contamination |accessdate=2007-06-28 |format= |work=}}</ref>
**A need for both sides of the body to feel even. (eg., a sufferer of OCD may walk down a sidewalk and step on a crack with the ball of their left foot, then feel the need to step on another crack with the ball of their right foot). Some sufferers would rather things to be uneven, favoring the preferred side of the body.
**An obsession with numbers. Some people are obsessed with even numbers while loathing odd numbers (they cause them a significant amount of [[anxiety]], [[discomfort]], and often [[anger]]) or vice versa.
**Twisting the head on a toy around, then twisting it all the way back exactly in the opposite direction.
**Having [[tic disorder]], in which one can can be seen making sudden, brief, repetitive movements such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, shoulder and head jerking, repetitive [[throat]] clearing, sniffing, or grunting.
**Avoiding situations which trigger one's obsessions.
**Using alcohol or drugs to to calm oneself.
**There are many other possible [[symptoms]], and one need not display those above to suffer from OCD. Formal diagnosis is performed by a [[mental health professional]]. Furthermore, possessing the [[symptoms]] above is not an absolute diagnosis of OCD.
 
==Overview==
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
 
OR
 
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].


==History and Symptoms==
==History and Symptoms==
OCD is manifested in a variety of forms.


Community studies have placed the prevalence between one and three percent, although the prevalence of clinically recognized OCD is much lower, suggesting that many individuals with the disorder are unaccounted for clinically.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fireman B, Koran LM, Leventhal JL, Jacobson A |title=The prevalence of clinically recognized obsessive-compulsive disorder in a large health maintenance organization |journal=The American journal of psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=11 |pages=1904-10 |year=2001 |pmid=11691699 |doi=}}</ref>
*The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
 
OR
 
*The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
*Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. 
 
===History===
Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:
 
*[History finding 1]
*[History finding 2]
*[History finding 3]
 
===Common Symptoms===
Common symptoms of [disease] include:


The typical OCD sufferer performs tasks (or compulsions) to seek relief from obsession-related anxiety. To others, these tasks may appear odd and unnecessary. But for the sufferer, such tasks can feel critically important, and must be performed in particular ways to ward off dire consequences and to stop the stress from building up. Examples of these tasks: repeatedly checking that one's parked car has been locked before leaving it; turning lights on and off a set number of times before exiting a room; repeatedly washing hands at regular intervals throughout the day.
*[Symptom 1]
*[Symptom 2]
*[Symptom 3]


Symptoms may include some, all, or perhaps none of the following:
===Less Common Symptoms===
*Repeated hand washing.
Less common symptoms of [disease name] include
*Repeated clearing of the throat, although nothing may need to be cleared.
*Specific counting systems &mdash; e.g., counting in groups of four, arranging objects in groups of three, grouping objects in odd/even numbered groups, etc.
**One serious symptom which stems from this is "counting" steps &mdash; e.g., feeling the necessity to take 12 steps to the car in the morning.
*Perfectly aligning objects at complete, absolute right angles, or aligning objects perfectly parallel etc. This symptom is shared with [[OCPD]] and can be confused with this condition unless it is realized that in OCPD it is not stress-related.
*Having to "cancel out" bad thoughts with good thoughts. Examples of bad thoughts are:
**Imagining harming a child and having to imagine a child playing happily to cancel it out.
**[[Sexual obsessions]] or unwanted sexual thoughts. Two classic examples are fear of being [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] or fear of being a [[pedophilia|pedophile]]. In both cases, sufferers will obsess over whether or not they are genuinely aroused by the thoughts.
**Strange and chronic worried about certain events such as sleeping, eating, leaving home, etc without proper items. An example would  be one who literally can't fall asleep without a metronome.
* A fear of contamination (see [[Mysophobia]]); some sufferers may fear the presence of human body secretions such as [[saliva]], [[sweat]], [[tears]], [[vomit]], or [[mucus]], or excretions such as [[urine]] or [[feces]]. Some OCD sufferers even fear that the soap they're using is contaminated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homestead.com/westsuffolkpsych/Dirt.html |title=OCD and Contamination |accessdate=2007-06-28 |format= |work=}}</ref>
*A need for both sides of the body to feel even. A person with OCD might walk down a sidewalk and step on a crack with the ball of their left foot, then feel the need to step on another crack with the ball of their right foot. If one hand gets wet, the sufferer may feel very uncomfortable if the other is not. If the sufferer is walking and bumps into something, he/she may hit the object or person back to feel a sense of evenness. These symptoms are also experienced in a reversed manner. Some sufferers would rather things to be uneven, favoring the preferred side of the body.
*An obsession with numbers (be it in maths class, watching TV, or in the room). Some people are obsessed with even numbers while loathing odd numbers (they cause them a great deal of anxiety and often make the person uncomfortable or even angry) or vice versa.
*Twisting the head on a toy around, then twisting it all the way back exactly in the opposite direction.(see even body section)


There are many other possible symptoms, and one need not display those above to suffer from OCD. Formal diagnosis is performed by a [[mental health professional]]. Furthermore, possessing the symptoms above is not an absolute diagnosis of OCD.
*[Symptom 1]
*[Symptom 2]
*[Symptom 3]


==References==
==References==


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{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 22:53, 4 August 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[2] Sonya Gelfand; Abhishek Reddy

Overview

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric anxiety disorder most commonly characterized by a subject's obsessive, distressing, intrusive thoughts and related compulsions (tasks or "rituals") which attempt to neutralize the obsessions.[1]

History and Symptoms

History

  • OCD can appear in many different ways. The typical OCD sufferer engages in repetitive behaviors (or compulsions) in order to alleviate anxiety caused by obsession. These tasks may seem strange and unnecessary to others. However, such tasks can feel extremely important to the sufferer, and they must be completed in specific ways to prevent dire consequences and stress.

Symptoms

  • Symptoms may include some or all of the following:[1][2][3][4][5][6]
    • Repeated hand washing.
    • Repeated clearing of the throat, although nothing may need to be cleared.
    • Specific counting systems — e.g., counting in groups of four, arranging objects in groups of three, grouping objects in odd/even numbered groups, etc.
      • One serious symptom which stems from this is "counting" steps (e.g., feeling the necessity to take 12 steps to the car in the morning).
    • Perfectly aligning objects at complete, absolute right angles, or aligning objects perfectly parallel etc. This symptom is shared with OCPD and can be confused with this condition unless it is realized that in OCPD it is not stress-related.
    • Having to "cancel out" bad thoughts with good thoughts. Examples of bad thoughts are:
      • Imagining harming a child and having to imagine a child playing happily to cancel it out.
      • Sexual obsessions or unwanted sexual thoughts. Two classic examples are fear of being homosexual or fear of being a pedophile. In both cases, sufferers will obsess over whether or not they are genuinely aroused by the thoughts.
      • Strange and chronic worry about certain events such as sleeping, eating, leaving home, etc without proper items. An example would be one who cannot fall asleep without a metronome.
    • A fear of contamination (see Mysophobia); some sufferers may fear the presence of human body secretions such as saliva, sweat, tears, vomit, or mucus, or excretions such as urine or feces. Some OCD sufferers fear that the soap they're using is contaminated.[7]
    • A need for both sides of the body to feel even. (eg., a sufferer of OCD may walk down a sidewalk and step on a crack with the ball of their left foot, then feel the need to step on another crack with the ball of their right foot). Some sufferers would rather things to be uneven, favoring the preferred side of the body.
    • An obsession with numbers. Some people are obsessed with even numbers while loathing odd numbers (they cause them a significant amount of anxiety, discomfort, and often anger) or vice versa.
    • Twisting the head on a toy around, then twisting it all the way back exactly in the opposite direction.
    • Having tic disorder, in which one can can be seen making sudden, brief, repetitive movements such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, shoulder and head jerking, repetitive throat clearing, sniffing, or grunting.
    • Avoiding situations which trigger one's obsessions.
    • Using alcohol or drugs to to calm oneself.
    • There are many other possible symptoms, and one need not display those above to suffer from OCD. Formal diagnosis is performed by a mental health professional. Furthermore, possessing the symptoms above is not an absolute diagnosis of OCD.

Overview

The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

History and Symptoms

  • The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

  • The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
  • Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. 

History

Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:

  • [History finding 1]
  • [History finding 2]
  • [History finding 3]

Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of [disease] include:

  • [Symptom 1]
  • [Symptom 2]
  • [Symptom 3]

Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of [disease name] include

  • [Symptom 1]
  • [Symptom 2]
  • [Symptom 3]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hirschtritt ME, Bloch MH, Mathews CA (2017). "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment". JAMA. 317 (13): 1358–1367. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.2200. PMID 28384832.
  2. ↑ Rosario-Campos MC, Miguel EC, Quatrano S, Chacon P, Ferrao Y, Findley D; et al. (2006). "The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS): an instrument for assessing obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions". Mol Psychiatry. 11 (5): 495–504. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001798. PMID 16432526.
  3. ↑ Murphy DL, Timpano KR, Wheaton MG, Greenberg BD, Miguel EC (2010). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder and its related disorders: a reappraisal of obsessive-compulsive spectrum concepts". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 12 (2): 131–48. PMC 3181955. PMID 20623919.
  4. ↑ Conelea CA, Walther MR, Freeman JB, Garcia AM, Sapyta J, Khanna M; et al. (2014). "Tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): phenomenology and treatment outcome in the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study II". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 53 (12): 1308–16. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.014. PMC 4254546. PMID 25457929. Review in: Evid Based Ment Health. 2015 Aug;18(3):85
  5. ↑ Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA (2009). "Symptom dimensions and subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a developmental perspective". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 11 (1): 21–33. PMC 3181902. PMID 19432385.
  6. ↑ Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Rosario MC, Pittenger C, Leckman JF (2008). "Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder". Am J Psychiatry. 165 (12): 1532–42. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020320. PMC 3972003. PMID 18923068.
  7. ↑ "OCD and Contamination". Retrieved 2007-06-28.

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