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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| | {| class="infobox" style="float:right;" |
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| | | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br> |
| | | [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']] |
| | |} |
| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
| {{Infobox_Disease |
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| Name = Cough |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|05||r|00}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|786.2}} |
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| }}
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| {{Cough}} | | {{Cough}} |
| {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}} {{MUT}} | | |
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}} |
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| {{SK}} Tussis | | {{SK}} Tussis |
| ==Physiology== | | == [[Cough overview|Overview]] == |
| A cough is a protective, primitive [[reflex]] in healthy individuals. The cough reflex is initiated by stimulation of two different classes of [[afferent nerve]]s, namely the [[myelin]]ated rapidly adapting receptors, and nonmyelinated [[Group C nerve fiber|C-fibers]] with endings in the [[lung]]s.
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| ==Cause==
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| A persistent cough can be debilitating, socially distressing, and adversely impair quality of life.<ref name="omaretal">{{cite journal | author = Omar S. Usmani, Maria G. Belvisi, Hema J. Patel, Natascia Crispino, Mark A. Birrell, Marta Korbonits, Dezso Korbonits, and Peter J. Barnes | title = Theobromine inhibits sensory nerve activation and cough. | journal = The FASEB Journal | volume = 19 | pages = 231-233 | year = 2005 | url = http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/reprint/19/2/231.pdf | format = pdf | language = english}}</ref> One of the more common presentations to a medical practitioner is a dry cough. The common causes of chronic dry coughing include [[post-nasal drip]], [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], [[asthma]], [[post viral cough]] and certain [[drug]]s such as [[beta blockers]], [[ACE inhibitors]] and [[aspirin]]. If a cough lasts for more than three weeks, multiple causes are likely and symptoms will abate only when all the causes are treated will the patient be symptom free. Individuals who [[Smoking|smoke]] often have a [[smoker's cough]], a loud, hacking cough which often results in the expiration of [[phlegm]].
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| Coughing may also be used for psychological or social reasons, such as the coughing before giving a speech. This is known as psychogenic, habit or tic coughing, and may increase in frequency in social situations featuring conflict.<ref>{{citation | title = Coughing as an Indicator of Displacement Behaviour | url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33337.pdf | author = Arella, A. | year = nd }} (Unpublished thesis)</ref>
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| Given its irritant nature to mammal tissues, [[capsaicin]] is widely used to determine the cough threshold and as a tussive stimulant in clinical research of cough suppressants.
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| ==Complete List of Differential Diagnoses Sorted by Nonproductive vs Productive Nature of Cough==
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| === Nonproductive Cough ===
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| * [[Smoker's cough]]
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| * Aspiration
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| * [[Congestive heart failure]]
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| * [[Postnasal drip]]
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| *:* Most common cause of chronic cough in nonsmokers
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| * [[GERD]]
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| *:* Second most common cause of chronic cough in nonsmokers
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| * [[Asthma]]/reactive airway disease
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| * [[ACE inhibitor]] use
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| * [[Pneumonia]]
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| *:* ''Typical'' pneumonia is characterized by acute or subacute onset of fever, dyspnea, fatigue, pleuritic chest pain, and cough
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| *:* ''Atypical'' pneumoniais characterized by more gradual onset, dry cough,headache, fatigue, and minimal lung signs
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| * [[Acute bronchitis]]
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| *:* Most commonly caused by viruses
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| *:* Postviral bronchitis may last beyond 6 weeks
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| * Aspirated foreign body
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| * [[Lung cancer]]
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| * [[COPD]]
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| * [[Sarcoidosis]]
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| * [[Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia]]
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| * [[Filariasis|Filarial disease]]
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| ===Productive Cough===
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| * [[Postnasal drip]]
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| * [[Tuberculosis]]
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| * [[COPD]]
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| * [[Lung cancer]]
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| * [[Smoker's cough]]
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| * [[Asthma]] with secondary infection
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| * [[Pneumonia]]
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| * [[Bronchitis]]
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| | |
| ==Complete Differential Diagnosis of Cough Sorted by Frequency of Causes==
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| In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
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| === Most Common Causes ===
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| * [[Allergic Rhinitis]]
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| * [[Asthma]]
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| * [[Bronchiectasis]]
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| * [[Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease]] ([[GERD]])
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| * [[Post-nasal drip]]
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| === Other Causes ===
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| {{MultiCol}}
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| *[[Abacavir ]]
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| *[[Abatacept ]]
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| *[[Abrin]]
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| *[[ABVD]]
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| *[[ACE inhibitor]]
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| *[[Acetylmorphone]]
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| *[[Achalasia]]
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| *[[Acute bronchitis]]
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| *[[Acute Chest Syndrome]]
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| *[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]]
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| *[[Acyclovir ]]
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| *[[Adalimumab ]]
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| *[[Adefovir ]]
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| *[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]
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| *[[Adenoviridae]]
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| *[[Albuterol ]]
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| *[[Alcoholism]]
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| *[[Alefacept ]]
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| *[[Alfuzosin ]]
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| *[[Aliskiren ]]
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| *[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]]
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| *[[Amiodarone ]]
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| *[[Amlodipine and Benazepril ]]
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| *[[Amphotericin B ]]
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| *[[Anagrelide ]]
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| *[[Anastrozole ]]
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| *[[Aortic arch anomalies]]
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| *[[Aphthovirus]]
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| *[[Ascaris infection]]
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| *[[Aspergillosis]]
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| * Aspirated foreign bodies
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| *[[Atazanavir ]]
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| *[[Atelectasis]]
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| * Atopic rhinitis
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| *[[Atrial myxoma]]
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| *[[Atypical pneumonia]]
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| *[[Benazepril]]
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| *[[Bepridil ]]
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| *[[Beriberi Heart Disease]]
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| *[[Bevacizumab ]]
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| *[[Bitolterol ]]
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| *[[Blastomycosis]]
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| *[[Bordetella pertussis]]
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| *[[Bortezomib ]]
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| *[[Brimonidine ]]
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| * Bronchial stenosis
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| * Bronchial web
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| *[[Bronchiolitis]]
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| *[[Bronchitis]]
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| *[[Bronchogenic cyst]]
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| *[[Budesonide]]
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| *[[Busulfan ]]
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| *[[Byssinosis]]
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| *[[Cadmium poisoning]]
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| *[[Caplan's Syndrome]]
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| *[[Captopril]]
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| *[[Carvedilol ]]
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| * Cerumenosis
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| * Cervical mass
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| *[[Cetuximab ]]
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| *[[Cevimeline]]
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| *[[Chest tube]]
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| *[[Chickenpox]]
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| *[[Chlamydophila pneumoniae]]
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| *[[Chlorambucil ]]
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| *[[Choking]]
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| *[[Cholesterol pneumonia]]
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| * Chronic beryllium disease
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| *[[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]
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| *[[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]]
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| *[[Ciliary dyskinesia]]
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| *[[Cladosporium]]
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| *[[Cladribine ]]
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| *[[Clobutinol]]
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| *[[Clofarabine ]]
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| *[[Clofedanol]]
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| *[[CMV Pneumonitis]]
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| *[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
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| *[[Community-acquired pneumonia]]
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| *[[Congenital nephrotic syndrome]]
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| *[[Congestive Heart Failure]]
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| *[[Co-trimoxazole ]]
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| *[[Cromolyn Sodium ]]
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| *[[Croup]]
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| *[[Cryptococcosis]]
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| *[[Cystic fibrosis]]
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| *[[Cytarabine ]]
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| *[[Dacarbazine ]]
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| *[[Dactinomycin ]]
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| *[[Darbepoetin Alfa ]]
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| *[[Diborane]]
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| *[[Docetaxel ]]
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| *[[Domiodol]]
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| *[[Dornase alfa]]
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| *[[DTPA]]
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| * Ear foreign body
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| *[[Efalizumab ]]
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| *[[Efavirenz ]]
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| *[[Emtricitabine ]]
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| *[[Enalapril ]]
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| *[[Enfuvirtide]]
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| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Epinastine ]]
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| *[[Eplerenone ]]
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| *[[Epoetin Alfa ]]
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| *[[Eprosartan ]]
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| *[[Erlotinib ]]
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| *[[Esophageal atresia]]
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| *[[Esophageal cancer]]
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| *[[Esophageal dysmotility]]
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| *[[Estradiol Topical ]]
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| *[[Etanercept ]]
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| *[[Fasciolosis]]
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| *[[Fexofenadine ]]
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| *[[Filariasis]]
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| *[[Floxuridine ]]
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| *[[Fludarabine Phosphate ]]
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| *[[Fluorouracil ]]
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| *[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol]]
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| *[[Fluvastatin ]]
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| *[[Fosamprenavir ]]
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| *[[Fosinopril ]]
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| *[[Gabapentin ]]
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| *[[Ganciclovir ]]
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| *[[Gefitinib ]]
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| *[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]]
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| *[[Glyburide and Metformin ]]
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| *[[Gnathostomiasis]]
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| *[[Goiter]]
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| *[[Goodpasture's syndrome]]
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| *[[Granisetron ]]
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| * Hair in the ear canal
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| *[[Hamman-Rich syndrome]]
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| *[[Hay fever]]
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| *[[Histoplasmosis]]
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| *[[Histrelin ]]
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| *[[Human ehrlichiosis]]
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| *[[Human flu]]
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| *[[Hypotension]]
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| *[[Ibandronate ]]
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| *[[Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis]]
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| *[[Ifosfamide ]]
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| *[[Iloprost]]
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| *[[Imipramine]]
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| *[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
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| *[[Influenza]]
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| *[[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) ]]
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| *[[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular ]]
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| *[[Interstitial pneumonia]]
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| *[[Isoproterenol ]]
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| *[[Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)]]
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| *[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]
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| *[[Ketorolac]]
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| *[[Lady Windermere syndrome]]
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| *[[Lamivudine ]]
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| *[[Lamotrigine ]]
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| *[[Laryngeal cancer]]
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| *[[Laryngitis]]
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| *[[Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease]]
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| *[[Laryngotracheal cleft]]
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| *[[Lassa fever]]
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| *[[Legionellosis]]
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| *[[Letrozole ]]
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| *[[Levalbuterol ]]
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| *[[Lisinopril ]]
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| *[[Lomustine ]]
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| * Low humidity
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| *[[Lower respiratory tract infection]]
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| *[[Lung abscess]]
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| *[[Lymphangitis carcinomatous]]
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| *[[Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia]]
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| *[[Mallory-Weiss syndrome]]
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| *[[Measles]]
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| *[[Mechlorethamine ]]
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| *[[Mediastinal tumor]]
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| *[[Melioidosis]]
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| *[[Melphalan ]]
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| *[[Mercaptopurine ]]
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| *[[Mesalamine ]]
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| *[[Mesothelioma]]
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| *[[Metaproterenol ]]
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| *[[Methotrexate ]]
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| *[[Metoprolol]]
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| *[[Miliary tuberculosis]]
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| *[[Mitomycin ]]
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| *[[Mitral stenosis]]
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| *[[Moexipril ]]
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| *[[Moxifloxacin ]]
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| *[[Mucor stolonifer]]
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| *[[Mycophenolic acid]]
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| *[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
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| *[[Natalizumab ]]
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| *[[Nateglinide ]]
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| *[[Nedocromil ]]
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| *[[Nickel carbonyl]]
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| *[[Nicotine nasal spray ]]
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| *[[Nilutamide ]]
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| *[[Nitrofurantoin ]]
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| *[[Nocardiosis]]
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| * Occupational exposure of irritants
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| *[[Omeprazole ]]
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| *[[Oxaliplatin ]]
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| *[[Oxcarbazepine ]]
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| *[[Paclitaxel]]
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| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Pamidronate ]]
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| *[[Paprika splitter's lung]]
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| *[[Paracoccidioidomycosis]]
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| *[[Papillomatosis]]
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| *[[Paragonimus Infection]]
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| *[[Passive smoking]]
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| *[[Pegaspargase ]]
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| *[[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]]
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| *[[Pemetrexed ]]
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| *[[Penbutolol ]]
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| *[[Pentamidine]]
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| *[[Perindopril]]
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| *[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
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| *[[Pertussis]]
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| *[[Pharyngitis]]
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| *[[Pimecrolimus topical ]]
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| *[[Pirbuterol acetate ]]
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| *[[Pleurisy]]
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| *[[Pleuropulmonary blastoma]]
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| *[[Plicamycin ]]
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| *[[Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia]]
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| *[[Polymer fume fever]]
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| * Post cerebrovascular accident
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| *[[Primaquine ]]
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| *[[Procarbazine ]]
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| *[[Prograf]]
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| *[[Psittacosis]]
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| * Psychogenic cough
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| *[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]]
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| *[[Pulmonary Embolism]]
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| *[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
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| *[[Pulmonary sequestration]]
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| *[[Q Fever]]
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| *[[Quinapril]]
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| *[[Ramelteon ]]
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| *[[Ramipril]]
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| *[[Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]]
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| *[[Rhinovirus]]
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| *[[Ribavirin ]]
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| *[[Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction]]
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| *[[Risedronate ]]
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| *[[Risperidone ]]
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| *[[Rosiglitazone ]]
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| *[[Rosuvastatin ]]
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| *[[Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula]]
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| *[[Salicylate sensitivity]]
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| *[[Salmeterol ]]
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| *[[Saquinavir ]]
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| *[[Sarcoidosis]]
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| *[[Schistosomiasis]]
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| *[[Sevelamer ]]
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| *[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]
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| *[[Sick building syndrome]]
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| *[[Silicosis]]
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| *[[Sirolimus ]]
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| *[[Smoking]]
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| *[[Sodium stibogluconate]]
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| *[[Spironolactone ]]
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| *[[Sporotrichosis]]
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| *[[Strep throat]]
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| * Subglottic hemangioma
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| *[[Subglottic stenosis]]
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| *[[Sulindac ]]
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| *[[Superior Vena Cava Syndrome]]
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| *[[Tacrolimus]]
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| *[[Tamsulosin ]]
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| *[[Thermoactinomyces sacchari]]
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| *[[Thermoactinomyces vulgaris]]
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| *[[Thioguanine ]]
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| *[[Thiotepa ]]
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| *[[Thoracentesis]]
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| *[[Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms]]
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| *[[Thymoma]]
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| *[[Tipranavir ]]
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| *[[Tobacco smoking]]
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| *[[Tocainide ]]
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| *[[Tonsillolith]]
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| *[[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]]
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| *[[Tracheal stenosis]]
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| *[[Tracheitis]]
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| *[[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]
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| *[[Tracheomalacia]]
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| *[[Trandolapril]]
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| *[[Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease]]
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| *[[Trichinosis]]
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| *[[Trimetrexate Glucuronate ]]
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| *[[Tuberculosis]]
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| *[[Tularemia]]
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| *[[Typhoid fever]]
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| *[[Upper respiratory tract infection]]
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| *[[Valganciclovir ]]
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| *[[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]]
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| *[[Viral]]cough
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| *[[Vorinostat ]]
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| *[[Yersinia Pestis Infection]]
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| *[[Zanamivir ]]
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| *[[Ziprasidone ]]
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| {{EndMultiCol}}
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| | |
| ===Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Cough===
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| (By organ system)
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| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |
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| [[Aortic arch anomalies]],
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| [[Atrial myxoma]],
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| [[Beriberi Heart Disease]],
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| [[Congestive Heart Failure]],
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| [[Hypotension]],
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| [[Mitral stenosis]],
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| [[Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction]],
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| [[Superior Vena Cava Syndrome]],
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| [[Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms]],
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| | |
| | |
| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Abrin]],
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| [[Cadmium poisoning]],
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| [[Polymer fume fever]],
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| | |
| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|
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| [[Abacavir ]],
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| [[Abatacept ]],
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| [[ABVD]],
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| [[ACE inhibitor]],
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| [[Acetylmorphone]],
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| [[Acyclovir ]],
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| [[Adalimumab ]],
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| [[Adefovir ]],
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| [[Albuterol ]],
| |
| [[Alefacept ]],
| |
| [[Alfuzosin ]],
| |
| [[Aliskiren ]],
| |
| [[Amiodarone ]],
| |
| [[Amlodipine and Benazepril ]],
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| [[Amphotericin B ]],
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| [[Anagrelide ]],
| |
| [[Anastrozole ]],
| |
| [[Atazanavir ]],
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| [[Benazepril]],
| |
| [[Bepridil ]],
| |
| [[Bevacizumab ]],
| |
| [[Bitolterol ]],
| |
| [[Bortezomib ]],
| |
| [[Brimonidine ]],
| |
| [[Budesonide]],
| |
| [[Busulfan ]],
| |
| [[Captopril]],
| |
| [[Carvedilol ]],
| |
| [[Cetuximab ]],
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| [[Cevimeline]],
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| [[Chlorambucil ]],
| |
| [[Cladribine ]],
| |
| [[Clobutinol]],
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| [[Clofarabine ]],
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| [[Clofedanol]],
| |
| [[Co-trimoxazole ]],
| |
| [[Cromolyn Sodium ]],
| |
| [[Cytarabine ]],
| |
| [[Dacarbazine ]],
| |
| [[Dactinomycin ]],
| |
| [[Darbepoetin Alfa ]],
| |
| [[Diborane]],
| |
| [[Docetaxel ]],
| |
| [[Domiodol]],
| |
| [[Dornase alfa]],
| |
| [[DTPA]],
| |
| [[Efalizumab ]],
| |
| [[Efavirenz ]],
| |
| [[Emtricitabine ]],
| |
| [[Enalapril ]],
| |
| [[Enfuvirtide]],
| |
| [[Epinastine ]],
| |
| [[Eplerenone ]],
| |
| [[Epoetin Alfa ]],
| |
| [[Eprosartan ]],
| |
| [[Erlotinib ]],
| |
| [[Estradiol Topical ]],
| |
| [[Etanercept ]],
| |
| [[Fexofenadine ]],
| |
| [[Floxuridine ]],
| |
| [[Fludarabine Phosphate ]],
| |
| [[Fluorouracil ]],
| |
| [[Fluticasone and Salmeterol ]],
| |
| [[Fluvastatin ]],
| |
| [[Fosamprenavir ]],
| |
| [[Fosinopril ]],
| |
| [[Gabapentin ]],
| |
| [[Gefitinib ]],
| |
| [[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]],
| |
| [[Glyburide and Metformin ]],
| |
| [[Granisetron ]],
| |
| [[Histrelin ]],
| |
| [[Ibandronate ]],
| |
| [[Ifosfamide ]],
| |
| [[Iloprost]],
| |
| [[Imipramine]],
| |
| [[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) ]],
| |
| [[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular ]],
| |
| [[Isoproterenol ]],
| |
| [[Ketorolac]],
| |
| [[Lamivudine ]],
| |
| [[Lamotrigine ]],
| |
| [[Letrozole ]],
| |
| [[Levalbuterol ]],
| |
| [[Lisinopril ]],
| |
| [[Lomustine ]],
| |
| [[Mechlorethamine ]],
| |
| [[Melphalan ]],
| |
| [[Mercaptopurine ]],
| |
| [[Mesalamine ]],
| |
| [[Metaproterenol ]],
| |
| [[Methotrexate ]],
| |
| [[Metoprolol]],
| |
| [[Mitomycin ]],
| |
| [[Moexipril ]],
| |
| [[Moxifloxacin ]],
| |
| [[Mycophenolic acid]],
| |
| [[Natalizumab ]],
| |
| [[Nateglinide ]],
| |
| [[Nedocromil ]],
| |
| [[Nicotine nasal spray ]],
| |
| [[Nilutamide ]],
| |
| [[Nitrofurantoin ]],
| |
| [[Omeprazole ]],
| |
| [[Oxaliplatin ]],
| |
| [[Oxcarbazepine ]],
| |
| [[Paclitaxel]],
| |
| [[Pamidronate ]],
| |
| [[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]],
| |
| [[Pemetrexed ]],
| |
| [[Penbutolol ]],
| |
| [[Pentamidine]],
| |
| [[Perindopril]],
| |
| [[Pegaspargase ]],
| |
| [[Pimecrolimus topical ]],
| |
| [[Pirbuterol acetate ]],
| |
| [[Plicamycin ]],
| |
| [[Primaquine ]],
| |
| [[Procarbazine ]],
| |
| [[Prograf]],
| |
| [[Quinapril]],
| |
| [[Ramelteon ]],
| |
| [[Ramipril]],
| |
| [[Ribavirin ]],
| |
| [[Risedronate ]],
| |
| [[Risperidone ]],
| |
| [[Rosiglitazone ]],
| |
| [[Rosuvastatin ]],
| |
| [[Salmeterol ]],
| |
| [[Saquinavir ]],
| |
| [[Sevelamer ]],
| |
| [[Sirolimus ]],
| |
| [[Sodium stibogluconate]],
| |
| [[Spironolactone ]],
| |
| [[Sulindac ]],
| |
| [[Tacrolimus]],
| |
| [[Tamsulosin ]],
| |
| [[Thioguanine ]],
| |
| [[Thiotepa ]],
| |
| [[Tipranavir ]],
| |
| [[Tocainide ]],
| |
| [[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]],
| |
| [[Trandolapril]],
| |
| [[Trimetrexate Glucuronate ]],
| |
| [[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]],
| |
| [[Vorinostat ]],
| |
| [[Zanamivir ]],
| |
| [[Ziprasidone ]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]],
| |
| [[Adenoid hypertrophy]],
| |
| [[Allergic rhinitis]],
| |
| Atopic rhinitis,
| |
| [[Croup]],
| |
| [[Goiter]],
| |
| [[Laryngitis]],
| |
| [[Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease]],
| |
| [[Laryngotracheal cleft]],
| |
| [[Pharyngitis]],
| |
| [[Post-nasal drip]],
| |
| [[Strep throat]],
| |
| Subglottic hemangioma,
| |
| [[Subglottic stenosis]],
| |
| [[Tonsillolith]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Endocrine'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Goiter]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Environmental'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Caplan's Syndrome]],
| |
| Chronic beryllium disease (CBD),
| |
| [[Hay fever]],
| |
| Low humidity,
| |
| Occupational exposure of irritants
| |
| [[Passive smoking]],
| |
| [[Sick building syndrome]],
| |
| [[Silicosis]],
| |
| [[Smoking]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Achalasia]],
| |
| [[Esophageal atresia]],
| |
| [[Esophageal cancer]],
| |
| [[Esophageal dysmotility]],
| |
| [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]],
| |
| [[Mallory-Weiss syndrome]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Genetic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Cystic fibrosis]],
| |
| [[Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Hematologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Iatrogenic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Chest tube]],
| |
| [[Thoracentesis]],
| |
| [[Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Infectious Disease'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Adenoviridae]],
| |
| [[Aphthovirus]],
| |
| [[Ascaris infection]],
| |
| [[Aspergillosis]],
| |
| [[Blastomycosis]],
| |
| [[Bordetella pertussis]],
| |
| [[Byssinosis]],
| |
| [[Chickenpox]],
| |
| [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae]],
| |
| [[Cladosporium]],
| |
| [[CMV Pneumonitis]],
| |
| [[Coccidioidomycosis]],
| |
| [[Community-acquired pneumonia]],
| |
| [[Cryptococcosis]],
| |
| [[Fasciolosis]],
| |
| [[Filariasis]],
| |
| [[Gnathostomiasis]],
| |
| [[Histoplasmosis]],
| |
| [[Human ehrlichiosis]],
| |
| [[Infectious mononucleosis]],
| |
| [[Influenza]],
| |
| [[Lady Windermere syndrome]],
| |
| [[Lassa fever]],
| |
| [[Legionellosis]],
| |
| [[Measles]],
| |
| [[Melioidosis]],
| |
| [[Miliary tuberculosis]],
| |
| [[Mucor stolonifer]],
| |
| [[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]],
| |
| [[Nocardiosis]],
| |
| [[Paprika splitter's lung]],
| |
| [[Paracoccidioidomycosis]],
| |
| [[Papillomatosis]],
| |
| [[Paragonimus Infection]],
| |
| [[Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia]],
| |
| [[Psittacosis]],
| |
| [[Q Fever]],
| |
| [[Rhinovirus]],
| |
| [[Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula]],
| |
| [[Schistosomiasis]],
| |
| [[Sporotrichosis]],
| |
| [[Strep throat]],
| |
| [[Thermoactinomyces sacchari]],
| |
| [[Thermoactinomyces vulgaris]],
| |
| [[Trichinosis]],
| |
| [[Tuberculosis]],
| |
| [[Tularemia]],
| |
| [[Typhoid fever]],
| |
| [[Upper respiratory tract infection]],
| |
| [[Yersinia Pestis Infection]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Neurologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Beriberi Heart Disease]],
| |
| [[Cholesterol pneumonia]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst]],
| |
| [[Pulmonary sequestration]],
| |
| [[Esophageal atresia]],
| |
| [[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Oncologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| Cervical mass,
| |
| [[Esophageal cancer]],
| |
| [[Kaposi's sarcoma]],
| |
| [[Laryngeal cancer]],
| |
| [[Lymphangitis carcinomatous]],
| |
| [[Mediastinal tumor]],
| |
| [[Mesothelioma]],
| |
| [[Papillomatosis]],
| |
| [[Thymoma]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Opthalmologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Ganciclovir ]],
| |
| [[Nickel carbonyl]],
| |
| [[Valganciclovir ]],
| |
| [[Salicylate sensitivity]],
| |
| | |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Psychiatric'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| Psychogenic cough,
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Pulmonary'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Acute bronchitis]],
| |
| [[Acute Chest Syndrome]],
| |
| [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]],
| |
| [[Asthma]],
| |
| [[Atelectasis]],
| |
| [[Atypical pneumonia]],
| |
| [[Aspergillosis]],
| |
| [[Blastomycosis]],
| |
| Bronchial stenosis,
| |
| Bronchial web,
| |
| [[Bronchiectasis]],
| |
| [[Bronchiolitis]],
| |
| [[Bronchitis]],
| |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst]],
| |
| [[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]],
| |
| [[Ciliary dyskinesia]],
| |
| [[Cystic fibrosis]],
| |
| [[Goodpasture's syndrome]],
| |
| [[Hamman-Rich syndrome]],
| |
| [[Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis]],
| |
| [[Interstitial pneumonia]],
| |
| [[Lady Windermere syndrome]],
| |
| [[Lung abscess]],
| |
| [[Pleurisy]],
| |
| [[Pleuropulmonary blastoma]],
| |
| [[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]],
| |
| [[Pulmonary Embolism]],
| |
| [[Pulmonary hypertension]],
| |
| [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]],
| |
| [[Tracheal stenosis]],
| |
| [[Tracheitis]],
| |
| [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]],
| |
| [[Tracheomalacia]],
| |
|
| |
|
| | == [[Cough classification|Classification]] == |
|
| |
|
| | == [[Cough historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
|
| |
|
| |-
| | == [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] == |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Congenital nephrotic syndrome]], | |
| [[Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]],
| |
|
| |
|
| | == [[Cough causes|Causes]] == |
|
| |
|
| |-
| | == [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] == |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sarcoidosis]],
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Sexual'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Trauma'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| Post cerebrovascular accident,
| |
|
| |
|
| |-
| | == [[Cough epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] == |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Urologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|
| |
| [[Alcoholism]], | |
| Aspirated foreign bodies,
| |
| Cerumenosis,
| |
| [[Choking]],
| |
| [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]],
| |
| Ear foreign body,
| |
| Hair in the ear canal,
| |
|
| |
|
| | == [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] == |
|
| |
|
| | == [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] == |
|
| |
|
| |-
| | == Diagnosis == |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| == Complications ==
| | [[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| The complications of coughing can be classified as either [[Acute (medical)|acute]] or [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]]. Acute complications include ''cough syncope'' ([[fainting]] spells due to decreased blood flow to the brain when coughs are prolonged and forceful), [[insomnia]], cough-induced [[vomiting]], rupture of [[bleb]]s causing [[spontaneous pneumothorax]], [[subconjunctival hemorrhage]] or "[[red eye (medicine)|red eye]]", coughing [[defecation]] and in women with a [[prolapse]]d [[uterus]], cough [[urination]]. Chronic complications are common and include abdominal or pelvic [[hernia]]s, fatigue [[fracture]]s of lower ribs and [[Tietze's syndrome|costochondritis]].
| |
|
| |
|
| == Treatment == | | == Treatment == |
| Coughs can be treated with [[cough medicine]]s. Dry coughs are treated with cough suppressants (antitussives) that suppress the body's urge to cough, while productive coughs (coughs that produce [[phlegm]]) are treated with expectorants that loosen [[mucus]] from the [[respiratory tract]]. Centrally acting cough suppressants, such as [[codeine]] and [[dextromethorphan]] reduce the urge to cough by inhibiting the response of the sensory endings by [[depolarization]] of the vagus nerve. A recent study indicates that, because of the presence of [[theobromine]] in chocolate, 50 [[gram]]s of dark [[chocolate]] may be an effective treatment for a persistent cough.<ref name="omaretal"/>
| |
|
| |
|
| Gargling with salt and warm water can also be helpful by reducing phlegm.
| | [[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]] |
|
| |
|
| ==During injections== | | ==Case Studies== |
| Coughing during an injection can lessen the pain of the needle stick caused by a sudden, temporary rise in pressure in the chest and spinal canal, inhibiting the pain-conducting structures of the spinal cord.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 14742367 | title = Reducing venipuncture pain by a cough trick: a randomized crossover volunteer study | last = Usichenko | first = TI | coauthors = Pavlovic D, Foellner S & Wendt M. | year = 2004 | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | pages = 952-3 | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | accessdate = 2007-07-16 }}</ref>
| | [[Cough case study one|Case #1]] |
|
| |
|
| == See also == | | == Related Chapter == |
| *[[Whooping cough]] | | *[[Whooping cough]] |
| *[[Kennel cough]] | | *[[Kennel cough]] |
| *[[Cough medicine]] | | *[[Cough medicine]] |
|
| |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist|2}}
| |
|
| |
| ==Additional Resource==
| |
| * {{cite journal | author = McCool F | title = Global physiology and pathophysiology of cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. | journal = Chest | volume = 129 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = 48S-53S | year = 2006 | id = PMID 16428691}}''[http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/129/1_suppl/48S Full text]''
| |
|
| |
| == External links ==
| |
| *[http://familydoctor.org/handouts/237.html FamilyDoctor.org – Chronic cough: causes and cures]
| |
| *[http://www.buteykoscotland.co.uk/healthtips1.htm Coughing]:Quick tips to help stop a coughing fit.
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|
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| {{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}} | | {{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}} |
| {{Common Cold}} | | {{Common Cold}} |
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| [[Category:Reflexes]] | | [[Category:Reflexes]] |
| [[Category:Symptoms]] | | [[Category:Symptoms]] |
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