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{| class="infobox" style="float: right;"
| style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" align=center | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Sepsis resident survival guide]]
| style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" align=center | [[Sepsis resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
|}
{{Sepsis}}
{{Sepsis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}};  '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh@perfuse.org]


==Overview==
==Overview==
Sepsis is caused by a bacterial infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an infection might start include:
The process of [[infection]] by [[bacteria]] or [[fungi]] can result in systemic signs and symptoms that are variously described. In rough order of severity, these are [[bacteremia]] or [[fungemia]]; [[septicemia]]; [[sepsis]], severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome; septic shock; refractory septic shock; [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]], and [[death]]. The condition develops as a response to certain [[microbe|microbial]] molecules which trigger the production and release of cellular mediators, such as [[tumor necrosis factors]] (TNF); these act to stimulate immune response.<ref name="pmid24335434">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mayr FB, Yende S, Angus DC |title=Epidemiology of severe sepsis |journal=Virulence |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=4–11 |year=2014 |pmid=24335434 |pmc=3916382 |doi=10.4161/viru.27372 |url=}}</ref>
*The bowel (usually seen with [[peritonitis]])
==Causes==
*The kidneys (upper urinary tract infection or [[pyelonephritis]])
===Life Threatening Causes===
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition, if left untreated it results in death.
 
===Common Causes===
Sepsis is caused by a [[bacterial]] infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an [[infection]] might start include:
*The [[bowel]] (usually seen with [[peritonitis]])
*The [[kidneys]] (upper urinary tract infection or [[pyelonephritis]])
*The lining of the brain ([[meningitis]])
*The lining of the brain ([[meningitis]])
*The liver or the gall bladder
*The [[liver]] or the [[gall bladder]] ([[cholecystitis]])
*The lungs (bacterial [[pneumonia]])
*The [[lungs]] (bacterial [[pneumonia]])
*The skin ([[cellulitis]])
*The [[skin]] ([[cellulitis]])
*In children, sepsis may accompany infection of the bone ([[osteomyelitis]]). In hospitalized patients, common sites of infection include intravenous lines, surgical wounds, surgical drains, and sites of skin breakdown known as bedsores (decubitus ulcers).
*In children, sepsis may accompany infection of the [[bone]] ([[osteomyelitis]]).
*In hospitalized patients, common sites of infection include intravenous lines, [[surgical wounds]], surgical drains, and sites of skin breakdown known as [[bedsores]] ([[decubitus ulcers]]).
 
==Microorganisms==
Common organisms responsible for sepsis includes:<ref name="pmid12851245">{{cite journal |vauthors=Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, Guidet B |title=Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Réa Network |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=168 |issue=2 |pages=165–72 |year=2003 |pmid=12851245 |doi=10.1164/rccm.2201087 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17192537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, Sexton B, Hyzy R, Welsh R, Roth G, Bander J, Kepros J, Goeschel C |title=An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=26 |pages=2725–32 |year=2006 |pmid=17192537 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061115 |url=}}</ref>
{| border="1"
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Aerobic bacteria}}
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Anaerobes bacteria}}
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Fungal}}
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Parasite}}
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Enterococcus]] 
* [[Escherichia coli]] 
* [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]] 
* [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
* [[Proteus]]
|valign=top|
* [[Bacteroides fragilis]]
* [[Clostridium perfringens]]
|valign=top|
* [[Candida albicans]]
* [[Candida tropicalis]]
|valign=top|
* [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
|}
 
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute bacterial endocarditis]], myocardial ring [[abscess]], [[subacute bacterial endocarditis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aldesleukin]],[[Aprotinin]], [[Boceprevir]], [[Caspofungin acetate]], [[Ceritinib]], [[Crizotinib]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Dactinomycin]], [[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]], [[Felbamate]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Meropenem]], [[Mitomycin]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Pergolide]], [[Pralatrexate]], , [[Pramipexole]], [[Sargramostim]], [[Sipuleucel-T]], [[Sirolimus]], [[Strontium chloride]], [[Tiagabine]], [[Tocilizumab]], [[Vedolizumab]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bronchitis]], [[otitis media]], [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abscess]], [[Bicalutamide]], [[esophagitis]], [[gastritis]], [[gastrointestinal bleeding]], instrumentation, [[intestinal obstruction]], [[pancreatitis]], small intestine disorder
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Enterococcus]], [[Escherichia coli]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Proteus]],
[[Bacteroides fragilis]], [[Clostridium perfringens]], [[Candida albicans]], [[Candida tropicalis]], [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Osteomyelitis]], [[infection|wound infections]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[meningitis|Acute bacterial meningitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Community-acquired pneumonia]], [[empyema]], [[lung abscess]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute prostatitis]]/[[abscess]], catheter-associated bacteriuria, [[cervicitis]], chronic kidney disease, [[cystitis]], instrumentation, intranephric [[abscess]] or perinephric [[abscess]], [[pyelonephritis]], [[renal calculi]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary tract obstruction]], [[vaginitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{Columns-list|3|
*[[Anthrax]]
*[[Boceprevir]]
 
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]]
*[[Gangrene]]
*[[Gram negative bacteremia]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Lemierre syndrome]]
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
*[[Neisseria meningiditis]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Peritonitis]]
*[[Pralatrexate]],
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Sargramostim]]
*[[Sipuleucel-T]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Vibrio vulnificus]]
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 00:07, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

The process of infection by bacteria or fungi can result in systemic signs and symptoms that are variously described. In rough order of severity, these are bacteremia or fungemia; septicemia; sepsis, severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome; septic shock; refractory septic shock; multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. The condition develops as a response to certain microbial molecules which trigger the production and release of cellular mediators, such as tumor necrosis factors (TNF); these act to stimulate immune response.[1]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition, if left untreated it results in death.

Common Causes

Sepsis is caused by a bacterial infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an infection might start include:

Microorganisms

Common organisms responsible for sepsis includes:[2][3]

Aerobic bacteria Anaerobes bacteria Fungal Parasite

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute bacterial endocarditis, myocardial ring abscess, subacute bacterial endocarditis
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Aldesleukin,Aprotinin, Boceprevir, Caspofungin acetate, Ceritinib, Crizotinib, Cytarabine, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Felbamate, Ixabepilone, Meropenem, Mitomycin, Oxaprozin, Pergolide, Pralatrexate, , Pramipexole, Sargramostim, Sipuleucel-T, Sirolimus, Strontium chloride, Tiagabine, Tocilizumab, Vedolizumab
Ear Nose Throat Bronchitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Abscess, Bicalutamide, esophagitis, gastritis, gastrointestinal bleeding, instrumentation, intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, small intestine disorder
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus,

Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Entamoeba histolytica

Musculoskeletal / Ortho Osteomyelitis, wound infections
Neurologic Acute bacterial meningitis
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Community-acquired pneumonia, empyema, lung abscess
Renal / Electrolyte Acute prostatitis/abscess, catheter-associated bacteriuria, cervicitis, chronic kidney disease, cystitis, instrumentation, intranephric abscess or perinephric abscess, pyelonephritis, renal calculi, urethritis, urinary tract obstruction, vaginitis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

References

  1. ↑ Mayr FB, Yende S, Angus DC (2014). "Epidemiology of severe sepsis". Virulence. 5 (1): 4–11. doi:10.4161/viru.27372. PMC 3916382. PMID 24335434.
  2. ↑ Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, Guidet B (2003). "Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Réa Network". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168 (2): 165–72. doi:10.1164/rccm.2201087. PMID 12851245.
  3. ↑ Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, Sexton B, Hyzy R, Welsh R, Roth G, Bander J, Kepros J, Goeschel C (2006). "An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (26): 2725–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061115. PMID 17192537.

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