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| [[Seizure resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
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{{Seizure}}
{{Seizure}}


'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''


{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SHA}}


==Diagnosis==
{{SK}} Fits, convulsions


==[[Seizure overview|Overview]]==
==[[Seizure historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


===Determining whether a seizure occurred===
==[[Seizure classification|Classification]]==
==[[Seizure pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
==[[Seizure causes|Causes]]==
==[[Seizure differential diagnosis|Differentiating Seizure from other Diseases]]==


==[[Seizure epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


==[[Seizure risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
==[[Seizure screening|Screening]]==


===Investigation of underlying cause===
==[[Seizure natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
==Diagnosis==
[[Seizure history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Seizure physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Seizure laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Seizure electroencephalogram|Electroencephalogram]] | [[Seizure CT|CT]] | [[Seizure MRI|MRI]] | [[Seizure other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Seizure other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


Additional diagnostic methods include [[CT Scan]]ning and [[MRI]] imaging or angiography.  These may show structural lesions within the brain, but the majority of those with epilepsy show nothing unusual. 
==Treatment==
[[Seizure medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Seizure surgery|Surgery]] | [[Seizure primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Seizure secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Seizure cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Seizure future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


As seizures have a [[differential diagnosis]], it is common for patients to be simultaneously investigated for cardiac and endocrine causes. Checking [[glucose]] levels, for example, is a mandatory action in the management of seizures as [[hypoglycemia]] may cause seizures, and failure to administer glucose would be harmful to the patient. Other causes typically considered are [[Fainting|syncope]] and [[cardiac arrhythmia]]s, and occasionally [[panic attack]]s and [[cataplexy]]. For more information, see [[non-epileptic seizures]].
==Case Studies==
[[Seizure case study one|Case #1]]


==Management==
==Related Chapters==
 
The first aid for a seizure depends on the type of seizure occurring. Generalized seizures will cause the person to fall, which may result in injury. A tonic-clonic seizure results in violent movements that cannot and should not be suppressed. The person should never be restrained, nor should there be any attempt to put something in the mouth. Potentially sharp or dangerous objects should also be moved from the vicinity, so that the individual is not hurt. After the seizure if the person is not fully conscious and alert, they should be placed in the [[recovery position]].
 
It is not necessary to call an ambulance if the person is known to have epilepsy, if the seizure is shorter than five minutes and is typical for them, if it is not immediately followed by another seizure, and if the person is uninjured. Otherwise, or if in any doubt, medical assistance should be sought.
 
A seizure longer than five minutes is a medical emergency. Relatives and other caregivers of those known to have epilepsy often carry medicine such as rectal [[diazepam]] or [[buccal mucosa|buccal]] [[midazolam]] in order to rapidly end the seizure.
 
===Safety===
 
A sudden fall can lead to broken bones and other injuries. Children who are affected by frequent drop seizures may wear helmets to protect the head during a fall.
 
The unusual behavior resulting from the chaotic brain activity of a seizure can be misinterpreted as an aggressive act. This may invoke a hostile response or police involvement, where there was no intention to cause harm or trouble. During a prolonged seizure, the person is defenseless and may become a victim of theft.
 
A [[seizure response dog]] can be trained to summon help or ensure personal safety when a seizure occurs. These are not suitable for everybody. Rarely, a dog may develop the ability to sense a seizure before it occurs.<ref name=Dalziel_2003>{{cite journal |author=Dalziel D, Uthman B, Mcgorray S, Reep R |title=Seizure-alert dogs: a review and preliminary study |journal=Seizure |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=115-20 |year=2003 |pmid=12566236}}</ref>
 
==See also==


*[[Epilepsy]]
*[[Epilepsy]]
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*[[Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures]]
*[[Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures]]
*[[EPUNA]]
*[[EPUNA]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}






[[es:Convulsión]]
[[fr:Convulsion]]
[[it:Convulsione]]
[[nl:Epileptisch insult]]
[[scn:Cummursioni]]
[[tr:Havale (tıp)]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}


[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Epilepsy]]
[[Category:Epilepsy]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[es:Convulsión]]
[[fr:Convulsion]]

Latest revision as of 03:10, 26 December 2020
Resident
Survival
Guide

Seizure Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Seizure from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Seizure On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Seizure

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Seizure

CDC on Seizure

Seizure in the news

Blogs on Seizure

Directions to Hospitals Treating Seizure

Risk calculators and risk factors for Seizure

For patient information click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Fits, convulsions

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Seizure from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electroencephalogram | CT | MRI | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters

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