Autism epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Autism}} | {{Autism}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Most recent reviews estimate a [[prevalence]] of | Most recent reviews estimate a [[prevalence]] of 100- 200 cases per 100,000 people for autism, and about 600 per 100,000 for ASD, with ASD averaging a 4.3:1 male-to-female ratio. The number of people known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, at least partly due to changes in diagnostic practice; the question of whether actual prevalence has increased is unresolved. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | |||
=== Incidence === | |||
* According to National Survey of Children’s Health, by the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) network, the estimated annual incidence of ASD world wide is 1 child in every 110 children.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP)|author=Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A ''et al.'' |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9531 |pages=210–5 |date=2006 |pmid=16844490 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69041-7}}</ref> | |||
* The estimated annual incidence of autism in the United states of America is similar to the world estimate, that 1 in 91 children aged 3 to 17 years. | |||
* These numbers are similar to regional data | |||
** In Massachusetts, the incidence of ASD in 2005 was 1 per 108 in children less than 3 years of age. | |||
===Prevalence=== | |||
* The estimated annual prevalence of is 100– 200 per 100,000 for autism and close to 600 per 100,000 for ASD.<ref name="Newschaffer">{{cite journal |author= Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J ''et al.'' |title= The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders |journal= Annu Rev Public Health |year=2007 |volume=28 |pages=235–58 |pmid=17367287 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}</ref><ref name="Caronna">{{cite journal |journal= Arch Dis Child |date=2008 |volume=93 |issue=6 |pages=518–23 |title= Autism spectrum disorders: clinical and research frontiers |author= Caronna EB, Milunsky JM, Tager-Flusberg H |doi=10.1136/adc.2006.115337 |pmid=18305076}}</ref> | |||
* [[PDD-NOS]] is the vast majority of ASD, [[Asperger's]] is about 30 per 100,000 and the remaining ASD forms are much rarer.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= J Clin Psychiatry |date=2005 |volume=66 |issue=Suppl 10 |pages=3–8 |title= Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders |author= [[Eric Fombonne|Fombonne E]] |pmid=16401144}}</ref> | |||
[[Image:US-autism-6-11-1996-2005.png|thumb|Reports of autism cases grew dramatically in the U.S. in 1996–2005. It is unknown how much, if any, growth came from changes in autism's [[prevalence]].|center]] | |||
== Demographics == | |||
== | ===Gender=== | ||
* Males are more commonly affected by ASD than females.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J ''et al.'' |title= The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders |journal= Annu Rev Public Health |year=2007 |volume=28 |pages=235–58 |pmid=17367287 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}</ref> | |||
* The male to female ratio is approximately 4.3 to 1. | |||
* | |||
* The ASD sex ratio is greatly modified by cognitive impairment, it may be close to 2:1 with mental retardation and more than 5.5:1 for HFA. | |||
===Developed Countries=== | |||
====Australia==== | |||
* The national estimates for the prevalence of ASD in Australia ranged from 121 to 357 per 100,000 for children aged 6–12 years.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= J Paediatr Child Health |date=2008 |title= The prevalence of autism in Australia. Can it be established from existing data? |author= Williams K, Macdermott S, Ridley G, Glasson EJ, Wray JA |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01331.x |pmid=18564076}}</ref> | |||
====Denmark==== | |||
* The annual estimate of ASD in Denamark is estimated to be 137 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Madsen KM, Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB ''et al.'' |title= Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data |journal=Pediatrics |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=604–6 |year=2003 |pmid=12949291 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/112/3/604 |doi= 10.1542/peds.112.3.604}}</ref> | |||
* A 2003 study reported that the cumulative incidence of autism in Denmark began a steep increase starting around 1990, and continued to grow until 2000, despite the withdrawal of thiomersal- containing vaccines in 1992. | |||
** For example, for children aged 2–4 years, the cumulative incidence was about 5 new cases per 100,000 children in 1990 and about 45 new cases per 100,000 children in 2000. | |||
====United Kingdom==== | |||
* The incidence and changes in incidence with time are unclear in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autism.org.uk/nas/jsp/polopoly.jsp?a=5576 |title= Incidence of autism |publisher= [[National Autistic Society]] |date=2004 |accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> | |||
* The reported autism incidence in the UK rose starting before the first introduction of the [[MMR vaccine]] in [[1989]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kaye JA, del Mar Melero-Montes M, Jick H |title=Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=322 |issue=7284 |pages=460–3 |year=2001 |pmid=11222420 |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/322/7284/460 |doi=10.1136/bmj.322.7284.460}}</ref> | |||
* The estimated annual incidence of ASD is 2.98 per 10,000 person.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= BMC Med |date=2004 |volume=2 |pages=39 |title= Rate of first recorded diagnosis of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders in United Kingdom general practice, 1988 to 2001 |author= Smeeth L, Cook C, Fombonne E ''et al.'' |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-2-39 |pmid=15535890 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/2/39}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Mature chapter]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Psychiatry]] | |||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | |||
[[Category:Neurology]] | |||
[[Category:Communication disorders]] | |||
[[Category:Neurological disorders]] | |||
[[Category:Autism]] | |||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
Latest revision as of 21:58, 30 March 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Most recent reviews estimate a prevalence of 100- 200 cases per 100,000 people for autism, and about 600 per 100,000 for ASD, with ASD averaging a 4.3:1 male-to-female ratio. The number of people known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, at least partly due to changes in diagnostic practice; the question of whether actual prevalence has increased is unresolved.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- According to National Survey of Children’s Health, by the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) network, the estimated annual incidence of ASD world wide is 1 child in every 110 children.[1]
- The estimated annual incidence of autism in the United states of America is similar to the world estimate, that 1 in 91 children aged 3 to 17 years.
- These numbers are similar to regional data
- In Massachusetts, the incidence of ASD in 2005 was 1 per 108 in children less than 3 years of age.
Prevalence
- The estimated annual prevalence of is 100– 200 per 100,000 for autism and close to 600 per 100,000 for ASD.[2][3]
- PDD-NOS is the vast majority of ASD, Asperger's is about 30 per 100,000 and the remaining ASD forms are much rarer.[4]
Demographics
Gender
- Males are more commonly affected by ASD than females.[5]
- The male to female ratio is approximately 4.3 to 1.
- The ASD sex ratio is greatly modified by cognitive impairment, it may be close to 2:1 with mental retardation and more than 5.5:1 for HFA.
Developed Countries
Australia
- The national estimates for the prevalence of ASD in Australia ranged from 121 to 357 per 100,000 for children aged 6–12 years.[6]
Denmark
- The annual estimate of ASD in Denamark is estimated to be 137 per 100,000.[7]
- A 2003 study reported that the cumulative incidence of autism in Denmark began a steep increase starting around 1990, and continued to grow until 2000, despite the withdrawal of thiomersal- containing vaccines in 1992.
- For example, for children aged 2–4 years, the cumulative incidence was about 5 new cases per 100,000 children in 1990 and about 45 new cases per 100,000 children in 2000.
United Kingdom
- The incidence and changes in incidence with time are unclear in the UK.[8]
- The reported autism incidence in the UK rose starting before the first introduction of the MMR vaccine in 1989.[9]
- The estimated annual incidence of ASD is 2.98 per 10,000 person.[10]
References
- ↑ Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A; et al. (2006). "Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP)". Lancet. 368 (9531): 210–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69041-7. PMID 16844490.
- ↑ Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J; et al. (2007). "The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annu Rev Public Health. 28: 235–58. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. PMID 17367287.
- ↑ Caronna EB, Milunsky JM, Tager-Flusberg H (2008). "Autism spectrum disorders: clinical and research frontiers". Arch Dis Child. 93 (6): 518–23. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.115337. PMID 18305076.
- ↑ Fombonne E (2005). "Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders". J Clin Psychiatry. 66 (Suppl 10): 3–8. PMID 16401144.
- ↑ Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J; et al. (2007). "The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annu Rev Public Health. 28: 235–58. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. PMID 17367287.
- ↑ Williams K, Macdermott S, Ridley G, Glasson EJ, Wray JA (2008). "The prevalence of autism in Australia. Can it be established from existing data?". J Paediatr Child Health. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01331.x. PMID 18564076.
- ↑ Madsen KM, Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB; et al. (2003). "Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data". Pediatrics. 112 (3): 604–6. doi:10.1542/peds.112.3.604. PMID 12949291.
- ↑ "Incidence of autism". National Autistic Society. 2004. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ↑ Kaye JA, del Mar Melero-Montes M, Jick H (2001). "Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis". BMJ. 322 (7284): 460–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7284.460. PMID 11222420.
- ↑ Smeeth L, Cook C, Fombonne E; et al. (2004). "Rate of first recorded diagnosis of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders in United Kingdom general practice, 1988 to 2001". BMC Med. 2: 39. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-2-39. PMID 15535890.