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{{Bladder cancer}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of bladder cancer include blood in the urine and abnormal cells in urine cytology. [Tumor marker]] tests include ladder tumour–associated antigen (BTA), uclear matrix proteins (NMP) and mucin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).


==Laboratory Findings==
==Laboratory Findings==
The gold standard of diagnosing bladder cancer is urine cytology and transurethral (through the urethra) cystoscopy.
*Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of bladder cancer include:<ref name="pmid18660854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shariat SF, Karam JA, Lotan Y, Karakiewizc PI |title=Critical evaluation of urinary markers for bladder cancer detection and monitoring |journal=Rev Urol |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=120–35 |date=2008 |pmid=18660854 |pmc=2483317 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20161673">{{cite journal |vauthors=Villicana P, Whiting B, Goodison S, Rosser CJ |title=Urine-based assays for the detection of bladder cancer |journal=Biomark Med |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=265 |date=June 2009 |pmid=20161673 |pmc=2819730 |doi=10.2217/bmm.09.23 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11306356">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grossfeld GD, Litwin MS, Wolf JS, Hricak H, Shuler CL, Agerter DC, Carroll PR |title=Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy--part I: definition, detection, prevalence, and etiology |journal=Urology |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=599–603 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11306356 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Urine cytology can be obtained in voided urine or at the time of the cystoscopy ("bladder washing"). Cytology is very specific (a positive result is highly indicative of bladder cancer) but suffers from low sensitivity (a negative result does not exclude the diagnosis of cancer). There are newer urine bound markers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. These markers are more sensitive but not as specific as urine cytology. They are much more expensive as well.
* Complete blood count
Many patients with a history, signs, and symptoms suspicious for bladder cancer are referred to a [[urology|urologist]] or other physician trained in [[cystoscopy]], a procedure in which a flexible tube bearing a camera and various instruments is introduced into the bladder through the [[urethra]]. Suspicious lesions may be biopsied and sent for [[surgical pathology|pathologic analysis]].
:* Low [[red blood cell]] count
:*Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
* [[Urinalysis]]
:* Hematuria
* Urine cytology
:* Abnormal cells in the urine
* [[Tumor marker]] tests
:* Bladder tumour–associated antigen (BTA)
:* Nuclear matrix proteins (NMP)
:* Mucin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{Tumors}}


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Latest revision as of 15:12, 25 July 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2], Shanshan Cen, M.D. [3]

Overview

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of bladder cancer include blood in the urine and abnormal cells in urine cytology. [Tumor marker]] tests include ladder tumour–associated antigen (BTA), uclear matrix proteins (NMP) and mucin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).

Laboratory Findings

  • Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of bladder cancer include:[1][2][3]
  • Complete blood count
  • Hematuria
  • Urine cytology
  • Abnormal cells in the urine
  • Bladder tumour–associated antigen (BTA)
  • Nuclear matrix proteins (NMP)
  • Mucin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

References

  1. Shariat SF, Karam JA, Lotan Y, Karakiewizc PI (2008). "Critical evaluation of urinary markers for bladder cancer detection and monitoring". Rev Urol. 10 (2): 120–35. PMC 2483317. PMID 18660854.
  2. Villicana P, Whiting B, Goodison S, Rosser CJ (June 2009). "Urine-based assays for the detection of bladder cancer". Biomark Med. 3 (3): 265. doi:10.2217/bmm.09.23. PMC 2819730. PMID 20161673.
  3. Grossfeld GD, Litwin MS, Wolf JS, Hricak H, Shuler CL, Agerter DC, Carroll PR (April 2001). "Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy--part I: definition, detection, prevalence, and etiology". Urology. 57 (4): 599–603. PMID 11306356.

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