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| {{Infobox_Disease | | | {| class="infobox" style="float:right;" |
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| | | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Anaphylaxis resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br> |
| Caption = |
| | | [[Anaphylaxis resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']] |
| DiseasesDB = 29153 |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|78|2|t|66}} |
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| eMedicineSubj = |
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| MeshID = D000707 |
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| {{Anaphylaxis}} | | {{Anaphylaxis}} |
| | '''For patient information, click [[Anaphylaxis (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| '''For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click [[Anaphylaxis (patient information)|here]]'''
| | {{CMG}} {{AE}} [[User:Dushka|Dushka Riaz, MD]] |
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| {{SK}} Anaphylactic reaction | | {{SK}} Anaphylactic reaction |
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Anaphylaxis overview|Overview]]== |
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| '''Anaphylaxis''' is an [[acute (medical)|acute]] [[circulation|systemic]] (multi-system) and severe Type I Hypersensitivity [[allergy|allergic]] reaction in humans and other [[mammal]]s. The term comes from the Greek words ''ana'' (against) and ''phylaxis'' (protection).<ref>"Anaphylaxis." Etymology. ''Oxford English Dictionary''. http://dictionary.oed.com.</ref> Anaphylaxis occurs when a person or animal is exposed to a trigger substance, called an ''[[allergen]],'' to which they have already become sensitized. Minute amounts of allergens may cause a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction. Anaphylaxis may occur after ingestion, skin contact, injection of an allergen or, in rare cases, inhalation.<ref>"Anaphylaxis." Health. 17 January 2002 . AllRefer.com . 29 Jan 2007 <http://health.allrefer.com/health/anaphylaxis-info.html>.</ref>
| | ==[[Anaphylaxis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| '''Anaphylactic shock''', the most severe type of anaphylaxis, occurs when an allergic response triggers a quick release from [[mast cell]]s of large quantities of [[immunology|immunological]] mediators ([[histamine]]s, [[prostaglandin]]s, [[leukotriene]]s) leading to systemic [[vasodilation]] (associated with a sudden drop in blood pressure) and [[edema]] of [[bronchial]] [[mucosa]] (resulting in [[bronchoconstriction]] and difficulty breathing). Anaphylactic shock can lead to death in a matter of minutes if left untreated.
| | ==[[Anaphylaxis classification|Classification]]== |
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| An estimated 1.24% to 16.8% of the population of the United States is considered "at risk" for having an anaphylactic reaction if they are exposed to one or more allergens, especially penicillin and insect stings. Most of these people successfully avoid their allergens and will never experience anaphylaxis. Of those people who actually experience anaphylaxis, up to 1% may die as a result.<ref>Neugut, Alfred, Anita Ghatak and Rachel Miller. "Anaphylaxis in the United States: An Investigation Into Its Epidemiology." Arch Intern Med. 161.108 January 2001 15-21. 29 January 2007 <http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/161/1/15>.</ref> Anaphylaxis results in fewer than 1,000 deaths per year in the U.S. (compared to 2.4 million deaths from all causes each year in the U.S.[http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm]). The most common presentation includes sudden cardiovascular collapse (88% of reported cases of severe anaphylaxis).
| | ==[[Anaphylaxis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| Researchers typically distinguish between "'''true anaphylaxis'''" and "'''pseudo-anaphylaxis'''." The symptoms, treatment, and risk of death are identical, but "true" anaphylaxis is always caused directly by [[degranulation]] of [[mast cell]]s or basophils that is mediated by [[immunoglobulin]] E (IgE), and pseudo-anaphylaxis occurs due to all other causes. The distinction is only important for researchers who are studying mechanisms of allergic reactions. Due to the word "pseudo", it may frustrate patients who feel they are being told that a life-threatening allergic reaction isn't "real".
| | ==[[Anaphylaxis causes|Causes]]== |
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| | ==[[Anaphylaxis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Anaphylaxis from other Diseases]]== |
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| | ==[[Anaphylaxis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==[[Anaphylaxis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ===Planning for treatment=== | | ==[[Anaphylaxis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| The [[Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America]] advises patients prone to anaphylaxis to have an "allergy action plan" on file at school, home, or in their office to aid others in case of an anaphylactic emergency, and provides a free
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| [http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=4&sub=81&cont=392 "plan"] form anyone can print. Action plans are considered essential to quality emergency care. Many authorities advocate immunotherapy to prevent future episodes of anaphylaxis.[http://www.acaai.org/public/patients/factSheet.htm "allergy fact sheet"] Immunotherapy with Hymenoptera venoms is especially effective and widely used throughout the world and is accepted as an effective treatment for most patients with allergy to bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets, white faced hornets, and fire ants. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=3310714&query_"WHO guidelines"] | | [[Anaphylaxis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Anaphylaxis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Anaphylaxis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Anaphylaxis chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Anaphylaxis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| Beta-blockers may aggravate anaphylactic reactions and interfere with treatment.
| | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Anaphylaxis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Anaphylaxis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Anaphylaxis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Anaphylaxis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Anaphylaxis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| ===Prevention=== | | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Anaphylaxis case study one|Case #1]] |
| | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.aaaai.org/patients/publicedmat/tips/whatisanaphylaxis.stm American Academy of Allergy and Immunology]
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| * [http://www.foodallergy.org The Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network]
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| * [http://www.alert4allergy.org alert4allergy.org - a free service for people in Britain with food allergy.]
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| * [http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk - UK national registered charity and support group for people at risk from anaphylaxis]
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| * [http://www.peanutallergyuk.co.uk A discussion forum for UK peanut anaphylaxis sufferers]
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| * [http://allergy.hyperboards.com/index.php Public discussion forums and support group for allergy/anaphylaxis sufferers]
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| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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| [[Category:Cardiology]]
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| [[Category:Allergology]]
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| [[Category:Pulmonology]]
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| [[Category:Immunology]]
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| [[bg:Анафилактичен шок]] | | [[bg:Анафилактичен шок]] |
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| [[uk:Анафілаксія]] | | [[uk:Анафілаксія]] |
| [[zh:過敏反應]] | | [[zh:過敏反應]] |
| | [[CME Category::Cardiology]] |
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| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
| | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
| | [[Category:Cardiology]] |
| | [[Category:Allergology]] |
| | [[Category:Pulmonology]] |
| | [[Category:Immunology]] |
