MOCS2: Difference between revisions
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{{ | '''Molybdenum cofactor synthesis protein 2A''' and '''molybdenum cofactor synthesis protein 2B''' are a pair of [[protein]]s that in humans are encoded from the same ''MOCS2'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid10053004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reiss J, Dorche C, Stallmeyer B, Mendel RR, Cohen N, Zabot MT |title=Human molybdopterin synthase gene: genomic structure and mutations in molybdenum cofactor deficiency type B |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=706–11 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10053004 |pmc=1377787 |doi=10.1086/302296}}</ref><ref name="pmid9889283">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sloan J, Kinghorn JR, Unkles SE |title=The two subunits of human molybdopterin synthase: evidence for a bicistronic messenger RNA with overlapping reading frames |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=854–8 |date=February 1999 |pmid=9889283 |pmc=148257 |doi=10.1093/nar/27.3.854}}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{EntrezGene|4338}}: MOCS2 molybdenum cofactor synthesis 2</ref> These two proteins dimerize to form [[molybdopterin synthase]]. | ||
| | |||
| | == Function == | ||
| | Eukaryotic [[molybdoenzyme]]s use a unique [[molybdenum cofactor]] (MoCo) consisting of a [[pterin]], termed [[molybdopterin]], and the catalytically active metal [[molybdenum]]. MoCo is synthesized from [[cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate]] (precursor Z) by the [[heterodimeric]] enzyme [[molybdopterin synthase]].<ref name="entrez"/> | ||
| | |||
| | == Gene == | ||
}} | The large and small subunits of molybdopterin synthase are both encoded from the MOCS2 gene by overlapping open reading frames. The proteins were initially thought to be encoded from a [[multicistronic message|bicistronic]] [[Transcription (genetics)|transcript]]. They are now thought to be encoded from monocistronic transcripts. Alternatively spliced transcripts have been found for this locus that encode the large and small subunits.<ref name="entrez"/> | ||
The MOCS2 gene contains 7 exons. Exons 1 to 3 encode MOCS2A (the small subunit), and exons 3 to 7 encode MOCS2B (large subunit).<ref name="pmid10053004"/> | |||
===Genetic disease=== | |||
Defects in both copies of MOCS2 cause the [[molybdenum cofactor deficiency]] disease in babies.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ichida K, Aydin HI, Hosoyamada M, etal |title=A Turkish case with molybdenum cofactor deficiency |journal=Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids |volume=25 |issue=9–11 |pages=1087–91 |year=2006 |pmid=17065069 |doi=10.1080/15257770600894022}}</ref> | |||
== Protein Structure == | |||
MOCS2A and MOCS2B subunits form dimers in solution. These dimers in turn dimerize to form the tetrameric molybdopterin synthase complex.<ref name="pmid12732628">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leimkuhler S, Freuer A, Araujo JA, Rajagopalan KV, Mendel RR |title=Mechanistic studies of human molybdopterin synthase reaction and characterization of mutants identified in group B patients of molybdenum cofactor deficiency |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=278 |issue=28 |pages=26127–34 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12732628 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M303092200}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist | {{reflist}} | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
{{refbegin | 2}} | {{refbegin | 2}} | ||
{{PBB_Further_reading | {{PBB_Further_reading | ||
| citations = | | citations = | ||
*{{cite journal | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Reiss J, Johnson JL |title=Mutations in the molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic genes MOCS1, MOCS2, and GEPH |journal=Human Mutation |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=569–76 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12754701 |doi=10.1002/humu.10223}} | ||
*{{cite journal | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Krawczak M, Reiss J, Cooper DN |title=The mutational spectrum of single base-pair substitutions in mRNA splice junctions of human genes: causes and consequences |journal=Human Genetics |volume=90 |issue=1–2 |pages=41–54 |year=1992 |pmid=1427786 |doi=10.1007/bf00210743}} | ||
*{{cite journal | | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Reiss J, Cohen N, Dorche C, etal |title=Mutations in a polycistronic nuclear gene associated with molybdenum cofactor deficiency |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=51–3 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9731530 |doi=10.1038/1706}} | ||
*{{cite journal | | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Feng G, Tintrup H, Kirsch J, etal |title=Dual requirement for gephyrin in glycine receptor clustering and molybdoenzyme activity |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue=5392 |pages=1321–4 |date=November 1998 |pmid=9812897 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5392.1321}} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Stallmeyer B, Drugeon G, Reiss J, Haenni AL, Mendel RR |title=Human molybdopterin synthase gene: identification of a bicistronic transcript with overlapping reading frames |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=698–705 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10053003 |pmc=1377786 |doi=10.1086/302295}} | |||
*{{cite journal | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson JL, Coyne KE, Rajagopalan KV, etal |title=Molybdopterin synthase mutations in a mild case of molybdenum cofactor deficiency |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=169–73 |date=November 2001 |pmid=11746050 |doi=10.1002/1096-8628(20011122)104:2<169::AID-AJMG1603>3.0.CO;2-8}} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=26 |pages=16899–903 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12477932 |pmc=139241 |doi=10.1073/pnas.242603899}} | |||
*{{cite journal | | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Matthies A, Rajagopalan KV, Mendel RR, Leimkühler S |title=Evidence for the physiological role of a rhodanese-like protein for the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor in humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=101 |issue=16 |pages=5946–51 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15073332 |pmc=395903 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0308191101}} | ||
*{{cite journal | | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, etal |title=The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) |journal=Genome Research |volume=14 |issue=10B |pages=2121–7 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15489334 |pmc=528928 |doi=10.1101/gr.2596504}} | ||
*{{cite journal | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Leimkühler S, Charcosset M, Latour P, etal |title=Ten novel mutations in the molybdenum cofactor genes MOCS1 and MOCS2 and in vitro characterization of a MOCS2 mutation that abolishes the binding ability of molybdopterin synthase |journal=Human Genetics |volume=117 |issue=6 |pages=565–70 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16021469 |doi=10.1007/s00439-005-1341-9}} | ||
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Hahnewald R, Leimkühler S, Vilaseca A, Acquaviva-Bourdain C, Lenz U, Reiss J |title=A novel MOCS2 mutation reveals coordinated expression of the small and large subunit of molybdopterin synthase |journal=Molecular Genetics and Metabolism |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=210–3 |date=November 2006 |pmid=16737835 |doi=10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.04.008}} | |||
*{{cite journal | | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP |title=A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1285–92 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16964243 |doi=10.1038/nbt1240}} | ||
*{{cite journal | | *{{cite journal |vauthors=Per H, Gümüş H, Ichida K, Cağlayan O, Kumandaş S |title=Molybdenum cofactor deficiency: clinical features in a Turkish patient |journal=Brain & Development |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=365–8 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17158010 |doi=10.1016/j.braindev.2006.10.007}} | ||
*{{cite journal | |||
*{{cite journal | |||
*{{cite journal | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
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{{Metabolism of vitamins, coenzymes, and cofactors}} | |||
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Molybdenum cofactor synthesis protein 2A and molybdenum cofactor synthesis protein 2B are a pair of proteins that in humans are encoded from the same MOCS2 gene.[1][2][3] These two proteins dimerize to form molybdopterin synthase.
Function
Eukaryotic molybdoenzymes use a unique molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) consisting of a pterin, termed molybdopterin, and the catalytically active metal molybdenum. MoCo is synthesized from cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (precursor Z) by the heterodimeric enzyme molybdopterin synthase.[3]
Gene
The large and small subunits of molybdopterin synthase are both encoded from the MOCS2 gene by overlapping open reading frames. The proteins were initially thought to be encoded from a bicistronic transcript. They are now thought to be encoded from monocistronic transcripts. Alternatively spliced transcripts have been found for this locus that encode the large and small subunits.[3]
The MOCS2 gene contains 7 exons. Exons 1 to 3 encode MOCS2A (the small subunit), and exons 3 to 7 encode MOCS2B (large subunit).[1]
Genetic disease
Defects in both copies of MOCS2 cause the molybdenum cofactor deficiency disease in babies.[4]
Protein Structure
MOCS2A and MOCS2B subunits form dimers in solution. These dimers in turn dimerize to form the tetrameric molybdopterin synthase complex.[5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Reiss J, Dorche C, Stallmeyer B, Mendel RR, Cohen N, Zabot MT (March 1999). "Human molybdopterin synthase gene: genomic structure and mutations in molybdenum cofactor deficiency type B". American Journal of Human Genetics. 64 (3): 706–11. doi:10.1086/302296. PMC 1377787. PMID 10053004.
- ↑ Sloan J, Kinghorn JR, Unkles SE (February 1999). "The two subunits of human molybdopterin synthase: evidence for a bicistronic messenger RNA with overlapping reading frames". Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (3): 854–8. doi:10.1093/nar/27.3.854. PMC 148257. PMID 9889283.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 EntrezGene 4338: MOCS2 molybdenum cofactor synthesis 2
- ↑ Ichida K, Aydin HI, Hosoyamada M, et al. (2006). "A Turkish case with molybdenum cofactor deficiency". Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids. 25 (9–11): 1087–91. doi:10.1080/15257770600894022. PMID 17065069.
- ↑ Leimkuhler S, Freuer A, Araujo JA, Rajagopalan KV, Mendel RR (July 2003). "Mechanistic studies of human molybdopterin synthase reaction and characterization of mutants identified in group B patients of molybdenum cofactor deficiency". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (28): 26127–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303092200. PMID 12732628.
Further reading
- Reiss J, Johnson JL (June 2003). "Mutations in the molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic genes MOCS1, MOCS2, and GEPH". Human Mutation. 21 (6): 569–76. doi:10.1002/humu.10223. PMID 12754701.
- Krawczak M, Reiss J, Cooper DN (1992). "The mutational spectrum of single base-pair substitutions in mRNA splice junctions of human genes: causes and consequences". Human Genetics. 90 (1–2): 41–54. doi:10.1007/bf00210743. PMID 1427786.
- Reiss J, Cohen N, Dorche C, et al. (September 1998). "Mutations in a polycistronic nuclear gene associated with molybdenum cofactor deficiency". Nature Genetics. 20 (1): 51–3. doi:10.1038/1706. PMID 9731530.
- Feng G, Tintrup H, Kirsch J, et al. (November 1998). "Dual requirement for gephyrin in glycine receptor clustering and molybdoenzyme activity". Science. 282 (5392): 1321–4. doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1321. PMID 9812897.
- Stallmeyer B, Drugeon G, Reiss J, Haenni AL, Mendel RR (March 1999). "Human molybdopterin synthase gene: identification of a bicistronic transcript with overlapping reading frames". American Journal of Human Genetics. 64 (3): 698–705. doi:10.1086/302295. PMC 1377786. PMID 10053003.
- Johnson JL, Coyne KE, Rajagopalan KV, et al. (November 2001). "Molybdopterin synthase mutations in a mild case of molybdenum cofactor deficiency". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 104 (2): 169–73. doi:10.1002/1096-8628(20011122)104:2<169::AID-AJMG1603>3.0.CO;2-8. PMID 11746050.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (December 2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Matthies A, Rajagopalan KV, Mendel RR, Leimkühler S (April 2004). "Evidence for the physiological role of a rhodanese-like protein for the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor in humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (16): 5946–51. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308191101. PMC 395903. PMID 15073332.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (October 2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Research. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
- Leimkühler S, Charcosset M, Latour P, et al. (October 2005). "Ten novel mutations in the molybdenum cofactor genes MOCS1 and MOCS2 and in vitro characterization of a MOCS2 mutation that abolishes the binding ability of molybdopterin synthase". Human Genetics. 117 (6): 565–70. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-1341-9. PMID 16021469.
- Hahnewald R, Leimkühler S, Vilaseca A, Acquaviva-Bourdain C, Lenz U, Reiss J (November 2006). "A novel MOCS2 mutation reveals coordinated expression of the small and large subunit of molybdopterin synthase". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 89 (3): 210–3. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.04.008. PMID 16737835.
- Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP (October 2006). "A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization". Nature Biotechnology. 24 (10): 1285–92. doi:10.1038/nbt1240. PMID 16964243.
- Per H, Gümüş H, Ichida K, Cağlayan O, Kumandaş S (July 2007). "Molybdenum cofactor deficiency: clinical features in a Turkish patient". Brain & Development. 29 (6): 365–8. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.10.007. PMID 17158010.
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