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{{protein | {{infobox protein | ||
| Name = son of sevenless homolog 1 (Drosophila) | | Name = [[SOS1|son of sevenless homolog 1 (Drosophila)]] | ||
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{{protein | {{infobox protein | ||
| Name = son of sevenless homolog 2 (Drosophila) | | Name = son of sevenless homolog 2 (Drosophila) | ||
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In [[cell signalling]], '''''Son of Sevenless''''' ('''''SOS''''') refers to a set of genes encoding [[guanine nucleotide exchange factor]]s that act on the [[Ras subfamily]] of [[small GTPase]]s. | |||
==History and name== | |||
The gene was so named because the Sos protein that it encoded was found to operate downstream of the ''[[sevenless]]'' gene in ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' in a [[MAPK/ERK pathway|Ras/MAP kinase pathway]].<ref name="pmid1846090">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rogge RD, Karlovitch CA, Banerjee U | title = Genetic Dissection of a Neurodevelopmental Pathway: Son of sevenless Functions Downstream of the sevenless and EGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. | journal = Cell | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–48 |date=January 1991 | pmid = 1846090 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90207-F | url = http://www.cell.com/abstract/0092-8674%2891%2990207-F | issn = }}</ref> When ''sevenless'' is mutated or otherwise dysfunctional during development of the fly's [[ultraviolet light]]-sensitive [[compound eye]], the seventh, central photoreceptor (R7) of each [[ommatidium]] fails to form.<ref name="pmid8462097">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simon MA, Dodson GS, Rubin GM | title = An SH3-SH2-SH3 protein is required for p21Ras1 activation and binds to sevenless and Sos proteins in vitro | journal = Cell | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 169–77 |date=April 1993 | pmid = 8462097 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90169-Q| url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid12177507">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nimnual A, Bar-Sagi D | title = The two hats of SOS | journal = Sci. STKE | volume = 2002 | issue = 145 | pages = PE36 |date=August 2002 | pmid = 12177507 | doi = 10.1126/stke.2002.145.pe36 | url = | issn = }}</ref> Similarly, the mammalian [[orthologues]] of Sos, [[SOS1]] and SOS2, function downstream of many growth factor and adhesion receptors. | |||
Ras-GTPases act as molecular switches that bind to downstream effectors, such as the protein kinase [[c-Raf]], and | ==Function== | ||
Ras-GTPases act as molecular switches that bind to downstream effectors, such as the protein kinase [[c-Raf]], and localise them to the membrane resulting in their activation. Ras-GTPases are considered inactive when bound to [[guanosine diphosphate]] (GDP), and active when bound to [[guanosine triphosphate]] (GTP). As the name implies, Ras-GTPases possess intrinsic enzymatic activity that hydrolyses GTP to GDP and phosphate. Thus, upon binding to GTP, the duration of Ras-GTPase activity depends on the rate of hydrolysis. SOS (and other guanine nucleotide exchange factors) act by binding Ras-GTPases and forcing them to release their bound nucleotide (usually GDP). Once released from SOS, the Ras-GTPase quickly binds fresh guanine nucleotide from the cytosol. Since GTP is roughly ten times more abundant than GDP in the [[cytosol]], this usually results in Ras activation. The normal rate of Ras catalytic GTPase (GTP hydrolysis) activity can be increased by proteins of the [[RasGAP]] family, which bind to Ras and increase its catalytic rate by a factor of one thousand - in effect, increasing the rate at which Ras is inactivated. | |||
==Genetic diseases associated with SOS1== | ==Genetic diseases associated with SOS1== | ||
Dominant mutant alleles of SOS1 have recently been found to cause [[Noonan | Dominant mutant alleles of SOS1 have recently been found to cause [[Noonan syndrome]]<ref name="pmid17143285">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roberts AE, Araki T, Swanson KD, Montgomery KT, Schiripo TA, Joshi VA, Li L, Yassin Y, Tamburino AM, Neel BG, Kucherlapati RS | title = Germline gain-of-function mutations in SOS1 cause Noonan syndrome | journal = Nat. Genet. | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 70–4 |date=January 2007 | pmid = 17143285 | doi = 10.1038/ng1926 | url = | issn = }}</ref> and hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1.<ref name="pmid11868160">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hart TC, Zhang Y, Gorry MC, Hart PS, Cooper M, Marazita ML, Marks JM, Cortelli JR, Pallos D | title = A mutation in the SOS1 gene causes hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1 | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 70 | issue = 4 | pages = 943–54 |date=April 2002 | pmid = 11868160 | pmc = 379122 | doi = 10.1086/339689 | url = | issn = }}</ref> Noonan syndrome has also been shown to be caused by mutations in [[KRAS]] and [[PTPN11]] genes.<ref name="pmid11704759">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tartaglia M, Mehler EL, Goldberg R, Zampino G, Brunner HG, Kremer H, van der Burgt I, Crosby AH, Ion A, Jeffery S, Kalidas K, Patton MA, Kucherlapati RS, Gelb BD | title = Mutations in PTPN11, encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, cause Noonan syndrome | journal = Nat. Genet. | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 465–8 |date=December 2001 | pmid = 11704759 | doi = 10.1038/ng772 | url = | issn = }}</ref> A common feature of these genes is that their products have all been strongly implicated as positive regulators of the Ras/[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase|MAP kinase]] signal transduction pathway. Therefore, it is thought that dysregulation of this pathway during development is responsible for many of the clinical features of this syndrome.<ref name="pmid16520774">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bentires-Alj M, Kontaridis MI, Neel BG | title = Stops along the RAS pathway in human genetic disease | journal = Nat. Med. | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 283–5 |date=March 2006 | pmid = 16520774 | doi = 10.1038/nm0306-283 | url = | issn = }}</ref> | ||
[[Noonan syndrome]] mutations in SOS1 are distributed in clusters positioned throughout the SOS1 coding region. Biochemically, these mutations have been shown to similarly effect aberrant activation of the catalytic domain towards Ras-GTPases. This may be explained because the SOS1 protein adopts an auto-inhibited conformation dependent on multiple domain-to-domain interactions that cooperate to block access of the SOS1 catalytic core to its Ras-GTPase targets<ref>Sondermann, | [[Noonan syndrome]] mutations in SOS1 are distributed in clusters positioned throughout the SOS1 coding region. Biochemically, these mutations have been shown to similarly effect aberrant activation of the catalytic domain towards Ras-GTPases. This may be explained because the SOS1 protein adopts an auto-inhibited conformation dependent on multiple domain-to-domain interactions that cooperate to block access of the SOS1 catalytic core to its Ras-GTPase targets.<ref name="pmid15507210">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sondermann H, Soisson SM, Boykevisch S, Yang SS, Bar-Sagi D, Kuriyan J | title = Structural analysis of autoinhibition in the Ras activator Son of sevenless | journal = Cell | volume = 119 | issue = 3 | pages = 393–405 |date=October 2004 | pmid = 15507210 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.005 | url = | issn = }}</ref> The mutations that cause Noonan syndrome thus appear to perturb intramolecular interactions necessary for SOS1 auto-inhibition. In this way these mutations are thought to create SOS1 [[allele]]s encoding hyper-activated and dysregulated variants of the protein. | ||
[[Image:Signal transduction pathways.svg|300px|thumb|center|Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in [[apoptosis]].]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | |||
{{reflist | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
{{GTP-binding protein regulators}} | {{GTP-binding protein regulators}} | ||
[[Category:GTP- | |||
[[Category:GTP-binding protein regulators]] | |||
[[Category:Proteins]] | [[Category:Proteins]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:02, 5 June 2016
| son of sevenless homolog 1 (Drosophila) | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | SOS1 |
| Alt. symbols | GINGF |
| Entrez | 6654 |
| HUGO | 11187 |
| OMIM | 182530 |
| RefSeq | NM_005633 |
| UniProt | Q07889 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 2 p21 |
| son of sevenless homolog 2 (Drosophila) | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | SOS2 |
| Entrez | 6655 |
| HUGO | 11188 |
| OMIM | 601247 |
| RefSeq | NM_006939 |
| UniProt | Q07890 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 14 q21 |
In cell signalling, Son of Sevenless (SOS) refers to a set of genes encoding guanine nucleotide exchange factors that act on the Ras subfamily of small GTPases.
History and name
The gene was so named because the Sos protein that it encoded was found to operate downstream of the sevenless gene in Drosophila melanogaster in a Ras/MAP kinase pathway.[1] When sevenless is mutated or otherwise dysfunctional during development of the fly's ultraviolet light-sensitive compound eye, the seventh, central photoreceptor (R7) of each ommatidium fails to form.[2][3] Similarly, the mammalian orthologues of Sos, SOS1 and SOS2, function downstream of many growth factor and adhesion receptors.
Function
Ras-GTPases act as molecular switches that bind to downstream effectors, such as the protein kinase c-Raf, and localise them to the membrane resulting in their activation. Ras-GTPases are considered inactive when bound to guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and active when bound to guanosine triphosphate (GTP). As the name implies, Ras-GTPases possess intrinsic enzymatic activity that hydrolyses GTP to GDP and phosphate. Thus, upon binding to GTP, the duration of Ras-GTPase activity depends on the rate of hydrolysis. SOS (and other guanine nucleotide exchange factors) act by binding Ras-GTPases and forcing them to release their bound nucleotide (usually GDP). Once released from SOS, the Ras-GTPase quickly binds fresh guanine nucleotide from the cytosol. Since GTP is roughly ten times more abundant than GDP in the cytosol, this usually results in Ras activation. The normal rate of Ras catalytic GTPase (GTP hydrolysis) activity can be increased by proteins of the RasGAP family, which bind to Ras and increase its catalytic rate by a factor of one thousand - in effect, increasing the rate at which Ras is inactivated.
Genetic diseases associated with SOS1
Dominant mutant alleles of SOS1 have recently been found to cause Noonan syndrome[4] and hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1.[5] Noonan syndrome has also been shown to be caused by mutations in KRAS and PTPN11 genes.[6] A common feature of these genes is that their products have all been strongly implicated as positive regulators of the Ras/MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Therefore, it is thought that dysregulation of this pathway during development is responsible for many of the clinical features of this syndrome.[7]
Noonan syndrome mutations in SOS1 are distributed in clusters positioned throughout the SOS1 coding region. Biochemically, these mutations have been shown to similarly effect aberrant activation of the catalytic domain towards Ras-GTPases. This may be explained because the SOS1 protein adopts an auto-inhibited conformation dependent on multiple domain-to-domain interactions that cooperate to block access of the SOS1 catalytic core to its Ras-GTPase targets.[8] The mutations that cause Noonan syndrome thus appear to perturb intramolecular interactions necessary for SOS1 auto-inhibition. In this way these mutations are thought to create SOS1 alleles encoding hyper-activated and dysregulated variants of the protein.
References
- ↑ Rogge RD, Karlovitch CA, Banerjee U (January 1991). "Genetic Dissection of a Neurodevelopmental Pathway: Son of sevenless Functions Downstream of the sevenless and EGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinases". Cell. 64 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90207-F. PMID 1846090.
- ↑ Simon MA, Dodson GS, Rubin GM (April 1993). "An SH3-SH2-SH3 protein is required for p21Ras1 activation and binds to sevenless and Sos proteins in vitro". Cell. 73 (1): 169–77. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90169-Q. PMID 8462097.
- ↑ Nimnual A, Bar-Sagi D (August 2002). "The two hats of SOS". Sci. STKE. 2002 (145): PE36. doi:10.1126/stke.2002.145.pe36. PMID 12177507.
- ↑ Roberts AE, Araki T, Swanson KD, Montgomery KT, Schiripo TA, Joshi VA, Li L, Yassin Y, Tamburino AM, Neel BG, Kucherlapati RS (January 2007). "Germline gain-of-function mutations in SOS1 cause Noonan syndrome". Nat. Genet. 39 (1): 70–4. doi:10.1038/ng1926. PMID 17143285.
- ↑ Hart TC, Zhang Y, Gorry MC, Hart PS, Cooper M, Marazita ML, Marks JM, Cortelli JR, Pallos D (April 2002). "A mutation in the SOS1 gene causes hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 (4): 943–54. doi:10.1086/339689. PMC 379122. PMID 11868160.
- ↑ Tartaglia M, Mehler EL, Goldberg R, Zampino G, Brunner HG, Kremer H, van der Burgt I, Crosby AH, Ion A, Jeffery S, Kalidas K, Patton MA, Kucherlapati RS, Gelb BD (December 2001). "Mutations in PTPN11, encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, cause Noonan syndrome". Nat. Genet. 29 (4): 465–8. doi:10.1038/ng772. PMID 11704759.
- ↑ Bentires-Alj M, Kontaridis MI, Neel BG (March 2006). "Stops along the RAS pathway in human genetic disease". Nat. Med. 12 (3): 283–5. doi:10.1038/nm0306-283. PMID 16520774.
- ↑ Sondermann H, Soisson SM, Boykevisch S, Yang SS, Bar-Sagi D, Kuriyan J (October 2004). "Structural analysis of autoinhibition in the Ras activator Son of sevenless". Cell. 119 (3): 393–405. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.005. PMID 15507210.
External links
- SOS1+Protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ExPASy Proteomics Server: SOS