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{{Lymphomatoid granulomatosis}}
{{Lymphomatoid granulomatosis}}
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==Overview==
The exact cause of [[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]] is unknown. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis occurs with more in people with some form of immune system disability including individuals with [[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjogren syndrome]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]] or [[Hepatitis|chronic viral hepatitis]].
 
It is likely that some amalgamation of Immune, genetic and familial factors all contribute a role in the causation of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. The therapy used varies, but is generally directed towards eliminating the [[Epstein Barr virus|EBV]]-infected [[B cell|B-cells]] or strengthening of the [[immune system]].
==Causes==
 
===Common Causes===
 
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis involves malignant [[B cell|B cells]] and reactive, non-malignant [[T cell|T cells]] and is almost always associated with infection of the malignant B cells by the Epstein-Barr virus; it is therefore known to be a form of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. The disease is believed to be induced by a combination of the following:<ref name="pmid9547995">{{cite journal| author=Jaffe ES, Wilson WH| title=Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: pathogenesis, pathology and clinical implications. | journal=Cancer Surv | year= 1997 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 233-48 | pmid=9547995 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9547995  }} </ref><ref name="pmid29676363">{{cite journal| author=Sigamani E, Chandramohan J, Nair S, Chacko G, Thomas M, Mathew LG et al.| title=Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: A case series from South India. | journal=Indian J Pathol Microbiol | year= 2018 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 228-232 | pmid=29676363 | doi=10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_471_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29676363  }} </ref>
*[[Epstein Barr virus|Epstein Barr virus infection]]<ref name="pmid29885408">{{cite journal| author=Rezk SA, Zhao X, Weiss LM| title=Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoid proliferations, a 2018 update. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 2018 | volume= 79 | issue=  | pages= 18-41 | pmid=29885408 | doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2018.05.020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29885408  }} </ref>
* Immunodeficiency diseases:
**[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12835306">{{cite journal| author=Sebire NJ, Haselden S, Malone M, Davies EG, Ramsay AD| title=Isolated EBV lymphoproliferative disease in a child with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome manifesting as cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis and responsive to anti-CD20 immunotherapy. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 7 | pages= 555-7 | pmid=12835306 | doi= | pmc=1769998 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12835306 }} </ref>
**[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]<ref name="pmid25321327">{{cite journal| author=Song JY, Pittaluga S, Dunleavy K, Grant N, White T, Jiang L et al.| title=Lymphomatoid granulomatosis--a single institute experience: pathologic findings and clinical correlations. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 39 | issue= 2 | pages= 141-56 | pmid=25321327 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000328 | pmc=4293220 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25321327 }} </ref>
*[[Immunosuppression]] through immunosuppressive drugs:  
**[[Methotrexate]]<ref name="pmid25130128">{{cite journal| author=Oiwa H, Mihara K, Kan T, Tanaka M, Shindo H, Kumagai K et al.| title=Grade 3 lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a patient receiving methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. | journal=Intern Med | year= 2014 | volume= 53 | issue= 16 | pages= 1873-5 | pmid=25130128 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25130128  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17200802">{{cite journal| author=Kameda H, Okuyama A, Tamaru J, Itoyama S, Iizuka A, Takeuchi T| title=Lymphomatoid granulomatosis and diffuse alveolar damage associated with methotrexate therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. | journal=Clin Rheumatol | year= 2007 | volume= 26 | issue= 9 | pages= 1585-9 | pmid=17200802 | doi=10.1007/s10067-006-0480-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17200802  }} </ref>
**[[Azathioprine]]<ref name="pmid25674479">{{cite journal| author=Barakat A, Grover K, Peshin R| title=Rituximab for pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis which developed as a complication of methotrexate and azathioprine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. | journal=Springerplus | year= 2014 | volume= 3 | issue=  | pages= 751 | pmid=25674479 | doi=10.1186/2193-1801-3-751 | pmc=4320142 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25674479 }} </ref>
*Infections such as [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] or [[Hepatitis|chronic viral hepatitis]] or endogenous [[T cell]] defects<ref name="pmid25321327">{{cite journal| author=Song JY, Pittaluga S, Dunleavy K, Grant N, White T, Jiang L et al.| title=Lymphomatoid granulomatosis--a single institute experience: pathologic findings and clinical correlations. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 39 | issue= 2 | pages= 141-56 | pmid=25321327 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000328 | pmc=4293220 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25321327  }} </ref>
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Methotrexate, and Azathioprine
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | EBV, HIV, and Hepatitis
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and Common variable immunodeficiency
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Azathioprine]]
*[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
* [[Epstein Barr virus|EBV]]
* [[Hepatitis]]
* [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]
* [[Methotrexate]]
*[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]
 
</div>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
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[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Hematology]]


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Latest revision as of 20:10, 18 December 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kamal Akbar, M.D.[2]

Overview

The exact cause of Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is unknown. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis occurs with more in people with some form of immune system disability including individuals with Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis or chronic viral hepatitis.

It is likely that some amalgamation of Immune, genetic and familial factors all contribute a role in the causation of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. The therapy used varies, but is generally directed towards eliminating the EBV-infected B-cells or strengthening of the immune system.

Causes

Common Causes

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis involves malignant B cells and reactive, non-malignant T cells and is almost always associated with infection of the malignant B cells by the Epstein-Barr virus; it is therefore known to be a form of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. The disease is believed to be induced by a combination of the following:[1][2]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Methotrexate, and Azathioprine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease EBV, HIV, and Hepatitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and Common variable immunodeficiency

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Jaffe ES, Wilson WH (1997). "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: pathogenesis, pathology and clinical implications". Cancer Surv. 30: 233–48. PMID 9547995.
  2. ↑ Sigamani E, Chandramohan J, Nair S, Chacko G, Thomas M, Mathew LG; et al. (2018). "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: A case series from South India". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 61 (2): 228–232. doi:10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_471_17. PMID 29676363.
  3. ↑ Rezk SA, Zhao X, Weiss LM (2018). "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoid proliferations, a 2018 update". Hum Pathol. 79: 18–41. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2018.05.020. PMID 29885408.
  4. ↑ Sebire NJ, Haselden S, Malone M, Davies EG, Ramsay AD (2003). "Isolated EBV lymphoproliferative disease in a child with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome manifesting as cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis and responsive to anti-CD20 immunotherapy". J Clin Pathol. 56 (7): 555–7. PMC 1769998. PMID 12835306.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Song JY, Pittaluga S, Dunleavy K, Grant N, White T, Jiang L; et al. (2015). "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis--a single institute experience: pathologic findings and clinical correlations". Am J Surg Pathol. 39 (2): 141–56. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000328. PMC 4293220. PMID 25321327.
  6. ↑ Oiwa H, Mihara K, Kan T, Tanaka M, Shindo H, Kumagai K; et al. (2014). "Grade 3 lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a patient receiving methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis". Intern Med. 53 (16): 1873–5. PMID 25130128.
  7. ↑ Kameda H, Okuyama A, Tamaru J, Itoyama S, Iizuka A, Takeuchi T (2007). "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis and diffuse alveolar damage associated with methotrexate therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis". Clin Rheumatol. 26 (9): 1585–9. doi:10.1007/s10067-006-0480-2. PMID 17200802.
  8. ↑ Barakat A, Grover K, Peshin R (2014). "Rituximab for pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis which developed as a complication of methotrexate and azathioprine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis". Springerplus. 3: 751. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-751. PMC 4320142. PMID 25674479.

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