Sepsis causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 00:07, 30 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

The process of infection by bacteria or fungi can result in systemic signs and symptoms that are variously described. In rough order of severity, these are bacteremia or fungemia; septicemia; sepsis, severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome; septic shock; refractory septic shock; multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. The condition develops as a response to certain microbial molecules which trigger the production and release of cellular mediators, such as tumor necrosis factors (TNF); these act to stimulate immune response.^[1]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition, if left untreated it results in death.

Common Causes

Sepsis is caused by a bacterial infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an infection might start include:

The bowel (usually seen with peritonitis)
The kidneys (upper urinary tract infection or pyelonephritis)
The lining of the brain (meningitis)
The liver or the gall bladder (cholecystitis)
The lungs (bacterial pneumonia)
The skin (cellulitis)
In children, sepsis may accompany infection of the bone (osteomyelitis).
In hospitalized patients, common sites of infection include intravenous lines, surgical wounds, surgical drains, and sites of skin breakdown known as bedsores (decubitus ulcers).

Microorganisms

Common organisms responsible for sepsis includes:^[2]^[3]

Aerobic bacteria	Anaerobes bacteria	Fungal	Parasite
Enterococcus Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Proteus	Bacteroides fragilis Clostridium perfringens	Candida albicans Candida tropicalis	Entamoeba histolytica

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute bacterial endocarditis, myocardial ring abscess, subacute bacterial endocarditis
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Aldesleukin,Aprotinin, Boceprevir, Caspofungin acetate, Ceritinib, Crizotinib, Cytarabine, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Felbamate, Ixabepilone, Meropenem, Mitomycin, Oxaprozin, Pergolide, Pralatrexate, , Pramipexole, Sargramostim, Sipuleucel-T, Sirolimus, Strontium chloride, Tiagabine, Tocilizumab, Vedolizumab
Ear Nose Throat	Bronchitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Abscess, Bicalutamide, esophagitis, gastritis, gastrointestinal bleeding, instrumentation, intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, small intestine disorder
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Entamoeba histolytica
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Osteomyelitis, wound infections
Neurologic	Acute bacterial meningitis
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Community-acquired pneumonia, empyema, lung abscess
Renal / Electrolyte	Acute prostatitis/abscess, catheter-associated bacteriuria, cervicitis, chronic kidney disease, cystitis, instrumentation, intranephric abscess or perinephric abscess, pyelonephritis, renal calculi, urethritis, urinary tract obstruction, vaginitis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

3

References

↑ Mayr FB, Yende S, Angus DC (2014). "Epidemiology of severe sepsis". Virulence. 5 (1): 4–11. doi:10.4161/viru.27372. PMC 3916382. PMID 24335434.
↑ Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, Guidet B (2003). "Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Réa Network". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168 (2): 165–72. doi:10.1164/rccm.2201087. PMID 12851245.
↑ Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, Sexton B, Hyzy R, Welsh R, Roth G, Bander J, Kepros J, Goeschel C (2006). "An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (26): 2725–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061115. PMID 17192537.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid24335434-1] Mayr FB, Yende S, Angus DC (2014). "Epidemiology of severe sepsis". Virulence. 5 (1): 4–11. doi:10.4161/viru.27372. PMC 3916382. PMID 24335434.

[pmid12851245-2] Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, Guidet B (2003). "Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Réa Network". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168 (2): 165–72. doi:10.1164/rccm.2201087. PMID 12851245.

[pmid17192537-3] Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, Sexton B, Hyzy R, Welsh R, Roth G, Bander J, Kepros J, Goeschel C (2006). "An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (26): 2725–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061115. PMID 17192537.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
+{| class="infobox" style="float: right;"
+| style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" align=center | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Sepsis resident survival guide]]
+| style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" align=center | [[Sepsis resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
+|}
 {{Sepsis}}
-{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.D.]] [mailto:psingh@perfuse.org]
+{{CMG}};  '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh@perfuse.org]
 ==Overview==
-The process of infection by bacteria or fungi can result in systemic signs and symptoms that are variously described. In rough order of severity, these are [[bacteremia]] or [[fungemia]]; [[septicemia]]; [[sepsis]], severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome; septic shock; refractory septic shock; [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]], and [[death]].
+The process of [[infection]] by [[bacteria]] or [[fungi]] can result in systemic signs and symptoms that are variously described. In rough order of severity, these are [[bacteremia]] or [[fungemia]]; [[septicemia]]; [[sepsis]], severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome; septic shock; refractory septic shock; [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]], and [[death]]. The condition develops as a response to certain [[microbe|microbial]] molecules which trigger the production and release of cellular mediators, such as [[tumor necrosis factors]] (TNF); these act to stimulate immune response.<ref name="pmid24335434">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mayr FB, Yende S, Angus DC |title=Epidemiology of severe sepsis |journal=Virulence |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=4–11 |year=2014 |pmid=24335434 |pmc=3916382 |doi=10.4161/viru.27372 |url=}}</ref>
-The condition develops as a response to certain [[microbe|microbial]] molecules which trigger the production and release of cellular mediators, such as [[tumor necrosis factors]] (TNF); these act to stimulate immune response.  Besides [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha|TNFα]], other [[cytokine]]s involved in the development of septic shock include [[interleukin]]-1β, and [[interferon]] γ.
 ==Causes==
-Sepsis is caused by a bacterial infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an infection might start include:
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+Sepsis is a life-threatening condition, if left untreated it results in death.
+===Common Causes===
+Sepsis is caused by a [[bacterial]] infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an [[infection]] might start include:
 *The [[bowel]] (usually seen with [[peritonitis]])
 *The [[kidneys]] (upper urinary tract infection or [[pyelonephritis]])
@@ Line 14: / Line 22: @@
 *The [[skin]] ([[cellulitis]])
 *In children, sepsis may accompany infection of the [[bone]] ([[osteomyelitis]]).
-*In hospitalized patients, common sites of infection include [[intravenous lines]], [[surgical wounds]], [[surgical drains]], and sites of skin breakdown known as [[bedsores]] ([[decubitus ulcers]])
+*In hospitalized patients, common sites of infection include intravenous lines, [[surgical wounds]], surgical drains, and sites of skin breakdown known as [[bedsores]] ([[decubitus ulcers]]).
+==Microorganisms==
+Common organisms responsible for sepsis includes:<ref name="pmid12851245">{{cite journal |vauthors=Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, Guidet B |title=Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Réa Network |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=168 |issue=2 |pages=165–72 |year=2003 |pmid=12851245 |doi=10.1164/rccm.2201087 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17192537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, Sexton B, Hyzy R, Welsh R, Roth G, Bander J, Kepros J, Goeschel C |title=An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=26 |pages=2725–32 |year=2006 |pmid=17192537 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061115 |url=}}</ref>
+{| border="1"
+!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Aerobic bacteria}}
+!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Anaerobes bacteria}}
+!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Fungal}}
+!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Parasite}}
+|-
+|valign=top|
+* [[Enterococcus]]
+* [[Escherichia coli]]
+* [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]
+* [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
+* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
+* [[Proteus]]
+|valign=top|
+* [[Bacteroides fragilis]]
+* [[Clostridium perfringens]]
+|valign=top|
+* [[Candida albicans]]
+* [[Candida tropicalis]]
+|valign=top|
+* [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
+|}
+===Causes by Organ System===
+{|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute bacterial endocarditis]], myocardial ring [[abscess]], [[subacute bacterial endocarditis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dermatologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aldesleukin]],[[Aprotinin]], [[Boceprevir]], [[Caspofungin acetate]], [[Ceritinib]], [[Crizotinib]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Dactinomycin]], [[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]], [[Felbamate]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Meropenem]], [[Mitomycin]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Pergolide]], [[Pralatrexate]], , [[Pramipexole]], [[Sargramostim]], [[Sipuleucel-T]], [[Sirolimus]], [[Strontium chloride]], [[Tiagabine]], [[Tocilizumab]], [[Vedolizumab]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bronchitis]], [[otitis media]], [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Endocrine'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Environmental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abscess]], [[Bicalutamide]], [[esophagitis]], [[gastritis]], [[gastrointestinal bleeding]], instrumentation, [[intestinal obstruction]], [[pancreatitis]], small intestine disorder
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Genetic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Hematologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Iatrogenic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Infectious Disease'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Enterococcus]], [[Escherichia coli]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Proteus]],
+[[Bacteroides fragilis]], [[Clostridium perfringens]], [[Candida albicans]], [[Candida tropicalis]], [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Osteomyelitis]], [[infection|wound infections]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Neurologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[meningitis|Acute bacterial meningitis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Oncologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Opthalmologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Psychiatric'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Pulmonary'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Community-acquired pneumonia]], [[empyema]], [[lung abscess]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute prostatitis]]/[[abscess]], catheter-associated bacteriuria, [[cervicitis]], chronic kidney disease, [[cystitis]], instrumentation, intranephric [[abscess]] or perinephric [[abscess]], [[pyelonephritis]], [[renal calculi]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary tract obstruction]], [[vaginitis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Sexual'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Trauma'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Urologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Miscellaneous'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|}
-==Causes in Alphabetical Order==
+===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{Columns-list|3|
 *[[Anthrax]]
+*[[Boceprevir]]
+*[[Cytarabine]]
+*[[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]]
 *[[Gangrene]]
 *[[Gram negative bacteremia]]
+*[[Ixabepilone]]
 *[[Lemierre syndrome]]
 *[[Melioidosis]]
 *[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
 *[[Neisseria meningiditis]]
+*[[Oxaprozin]]
+*[[Pergolide]]
 *[[Peritonitis]]
+*[[Pralatrexate]],
 *[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
+*[[Sargramostim]]
+*[[Sipuleucel-T]]
+*[[Tiagabine]]
 *[[Vibrio vulnificus]]
+}}
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}
-==Related Chapters==
+{{WH}}
-*[[Anaphylactic shock]]
+{{WS}}
-*[[Cardiogenic shock]]
-*[[Meningococcemia]]
-*[[Neurogenic shock]]
-*[[Sepsis]]
-*[[Septic shock]]
-*[[Shock (medical)|Shock]]
-*[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]] (SIRS)
-[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
 [[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
 [[Category:Causes of death]]
-[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
 [[Category:Disease]]
-[[Category:Overview complete]]
+[[Category:Needs causes]]
-[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
+[[Category:Needs content]]
-{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
+[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
-{{WikiDoc Sources}}
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Infectious disease]]