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==Overview==
In 2007, the [[incidence]] of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was estimated to be 13 to 26 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. In the Unites States, the number of hospital discharges with DKA as the first-listed diagnosis increased from about 80,000 discharges in 1988 to about 140,000 in 2009. [[Case fatality rate|Case-fatality rate]] of DKA varies according to the geographic region and ranges from a low of less than 1000 per 100,000 individuals (USA and Scotland) to a high of 30,000 per 100,000 individuals (India). The [[prevalence]] of DKA varies with age and is more common in children.
 
== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
 
=== Prevalence ===
* In the United States, the overall prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among patients with [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes mellitus]] during 2013-2014 was 3000 individuals per 100,000 patients.
 
==== Prevalence in children and adolescents ====
* The following table outlines the temporal variation in the [[prevalence]] of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis of [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1]] or [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] in children and adolescents from 2002 to 2010 in the United States:<ref name="pmid24685959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dabelea D, Rewers A, Stafford JM, Standiford DA, Lawrence JM, Saydah S, Imperatore G, D'Agostino RB, Mayer-Davis EJ, Pihoker C |title=Trends in the prevalence of ketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study |journal=Pediatrics |volume=133 |issue=4 |pages=e938–45 |year=2014 |pmid=24685959 |pmc=4074618 |doi=10.1542/peds.2013-2795 |url=}}</ref>
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="3" |Year of study
! colspan="8" |Age group
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |All
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |0–4 Years
! colspan="2" |5–9 Years
! colspan="2" |10–14 Years
! colspan="2" |15–19 Years
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevalence per 100,000 cases
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |95% CI
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevalence per 100,000 cases
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |95% CI
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevalence per 100,000 cases
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |95% CI
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevalence per 100,000 cases
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |95% CI
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevalence per 100,000 cases
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |95% CI
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Type 1 diabetes'''
| colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2002–2003
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |40100
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |34500–45600
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |27900
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |23800–32000
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |28900
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |25100–32800
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |22900
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |16800–29100
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |30200
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |27800–32500
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2004–2005
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |36200
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |30400–41900
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |25200
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |21400–29000
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |31500
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |27800–35300
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |22400
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |16700–28200
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |29100
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |26900–31400
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2008–2010
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |41100
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |36400–45800
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |29800
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |26700–32900
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |30900
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |27900–33900
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |23500
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |19400–27700
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |31100
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |29300–32900
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Type 2 diabetes'''
| colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2002–2003
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |14700
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |9000–20300
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |9200
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |4900–13500
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |11700
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |8200–15200
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2004–2005
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |9500
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |5100–14000
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |3100
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |400–5700
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |6300
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |3700–8900
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |2008–2010
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |—
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |7300
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |4700–9900
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |4200
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |2200–6200
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |5700
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |4100–7400
|}
 
==== Prevalence in adults ====
* The following table outlines the temporal variation in the prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in type 1 diabetics:<ref name="pmid22996145">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Bergenstal RM, Miller KM, DuBose SN, Hall CA |title=The T1D Exchange clinic registry |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=97 |issue=12 |pages=4383–9 |year=2012 |pmid=22996145 |doi=10.1210/jc.2012-1561 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlDiabetes Care">{{cite web |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/38/6/971?ijkey=38524230c401d8278c5681c5f16fd86c5e74ab26&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |title=Diabetes Care |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlDiabetes Care">{{cite web |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/10/2702?ijkey=63bf78331eac452b1a122d0cd5ba51a97ce633b9&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |title=Diabetes Care |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |Year of study
! colspan="5" |Age group
|-
!18-25 Years
!26-30 Years
!31-49 Years
!50-64 Years
!>65 years
|-
|'''Prevalence per 100,000 cases'''
|'''Prevalence per 100,000 cases'''
|'''Prevalence per 100,000 cases'''
|'''Prevalence per 100,000 cases'''
|'''Prevalence per 100,000 cases'''
|-
|2010-2012
|12000
|7000
|5000
|6000
|6000
|-
|2013-2014
|6000
|
|
|
|
|}
 
=== Incidence ===
* The annual [[incidence]] of diabetic ketoacidosis varies in different reports and is related to the geographic location.
* Worldwide, the annual [[incidence]] of diabetic ketoacidosis varies from a low of 13 persons per 100,000 persons (Denmark) to a high of 26 per 100,000 persons (Malaysia).<ref name="pmid16959363">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henriksen OM, Røder ME, Prahl JB, Svendsen OL |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis in Denmark Incidence and mortality estimated from public health registries |journal=Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=51–6 |year=2007 |pmid=16959363 |doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2006.07.024 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17825751">{{cite journal |vauthors=Craig ME, Jones TW, Silink M, Ping YJ |title=Diabetes care, glycemic control, and complications in children with type 1 diabetes from Asia and the Western Pacific Region |journal=J. Diabetes Complicat. |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=280–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17825751 |doi=10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.04.005 |url=}}</ref>
* In the Unites States, the number of hospital discharges with DKA as the first-listed diagnosis increased from about 80,000 discharges in 1988 to about 140,000 in 2009.<ref name="urlNHDS - National Hospital Discharge Survey Homepage">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhds/index.htm |title=NHDS - National Hospital Discharge Survey Homepage |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
[[Image:DischargesDKA.jpg|400px|left|frame|'''Number (in thousands) of hospital discharges with DKA as first-listed diagnosis, United States, 1988 to 2009''', source: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhds.htm]]
<br style="clear:left">
 
=== Case-fatality rate ===
* [[Case fatality rate|Case-fatality rate]] of DKA varies from a low of less than 1000 per 100,000 individuals (USA and Scotland) to a high of 30,000 per 100,000 individuals (India).<ref name="urlRisk of death following admission to a UK hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis | SpringerLink">{{cite web |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-016-4034-0 |title=Risk of death following admission to a UK hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis &#124; SpringerLink |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* [[Case fatality rate|Case-fatality rates]] of DKA differ according to the level of care provided and healthcare setting.<ref name="urlDiabetes Care">{{cite web |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335?ijkey=34356f79daf21d51f95018c32e74e6df627e513c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |title=Diabetes Care |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*DKA is the most common cause of death in children and adolescents with [[Type 1 diabetes mellitus|type 1 diabetes]] and accounts for half of all deaths in diabetic patients younger than 24 years of age.<ref name="urlDiabetes Care">{{cite web |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/5/1150?ijkey=87c61826ccfe3a9906bc55d5ec4aafe79b55d3fb&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |title=Diabetes Care |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlDIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN CHILDREN - ScienceDirect">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889852905701584 |title=DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN CHILDREN - ScienceDirect |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
 
=== Age ===
*The [[prevalence]] of DKA decreases with increasing age.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref>
*In children and [[Adolescence|adolescents]] with type 1 diabetes, DKA is the most common cause of death.
*In [[adult]] patients, DKA has an overall mortality is <1%.<ref name="urlNHDS - National Hospital Discharge Survey Homepage2">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhds/index.htm |title=NHDS - National Hospital Discharge Survey Homepage |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*In the elderly and in patients with concomitant life-threatening illnesses, the [[mortality rate]] is greater than 5%.<ref name="pmid1401693">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malone ML, Gennis V, Goodwin JS |title=Characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis in older versus younger adults |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1100–4 |year=1992 |pmid=1401693 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*DKA and severe DKA at the time of [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes]] diagnosis have been known to be more common among religious ultra-orthodox than among secular Jewish children, indicating that patient education and awareness of symptoms plays an important role in affecting incidence and prevalence.<ref name="pmid25267080">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gruber N, Reichman B, Lerner-Geva L, Pinhas-Hamiel O |title=Increased risk of severe diabetic ketoacidosis among Jewish ultra-orthodox children |journal=Acta Diabetol |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=365–71 |year=2015 |pmid=25267080 |doi=10.1007/s00592-014-0653-4 |url=}}</ref>
 
=== Gender ===
*The [[prevalence]] and [[incidence]] of DKA is higher in men as compared to women.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref>
 
=== Race ===
*The [[prevalence]] and [[incidence]] of DKA is higher in non-caucasians than caucasians.<ref name="pmid28765134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA |title=Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=e016587 |year=2017 |pmid=28765134 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587 |url=}}</ref>
 
=== Geographical distribution ===
* There is marked variability in the incidence of DKA in different parts of the world.
* The frequency of DKA at the time of diagnosis of [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes]] varies across different countries, for example, in United Arab Emirates where it has been reported to be 80% and in Sweden it is 12.8%.<ref name="pmid17825751">{{cite journal |vauthors=Craig ME, Jones TW, Silink M, Ping YJ |title=Diabetes care, glycemic control, and complications in children with type 1 diabetes from Asia and the Western Pacific Region |journal=J. Diabetes Complicat. |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=280–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17825751 |doi=10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.04.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15811565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Samuelsson U, Stenhammar L |title=Clinical characteristics at onset of Type 1 diabetes in children diagnosed between 1977 and 2001 in the south-east region of Sweden |journal=Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=49–55 |year=2005 |pmid=15811565 |doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2004.08.002 |url=}}</ref>
* In Canada and Europe, hospitalization rates for DKA in established and new patients with [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes mellitus]] is 10 per 100 000 children.<ref name="urlcare.diabetesjournals.org">{{cite web |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/25/9/1591.full.pdf |title=care.diabetesjournals.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]

Latest revision as of 20:35, 18 October 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]

Overview

In 2007, the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was estimated to be 13 to 26 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. In the Unites States, the number of hospital discharges with DKA as the first-listed diagnosis increased from about 80,000 discharges in 1988 to about 140,000 in 2009. Case-fatality rate of DKA varies according to the geographic region and ranges from a low of less than 1000 per 100,000 individuals (USA and Scotland) to a high of 30,000 per 100,000 individuals (India). The prevalence of DKA varies with age and is more common in children.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

  • In the United States, the overall prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus during 2013-2014 was 3000 individuals per 100,000 patients.

Prevalence in children and adolescents

  • The following table outlines the temporal variation in the prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents from 2002 to 2010 in the United States:[1]
Year of study Age group All
0–4 Years 5–9 Years 10–14 Years 15–19 Years
Prevalence per 100,000 cases 95% CI Prevalence per 100,000 cases 95% CI Prevalence per 100,000 cases 95% CI Prevalence per 100,000 cases 95% CI Prevalence per 100,000 cases 95% CI
Type 1 diabetes
2002–2003 40100 34500–45600 27900 23800–32000 28900 25100–32800 22900 16800–29100 30200 27800–32500
2004–2005 36200 30400–41900 25200 21400–29000 31500 27800–35300 22400 16700–28200 29100 26900–31400
2008–2010 41100 36400–45800 29800 26700–32900 30900 27900–33900 23500 19400–27700 31100 29300–32900
Type 2 diabetes
2002–2003 — — — — 14700 9000–20300 9200 4900–13500 11700 8200–15200
2004–2005 — — — — 9500 5100–14000 3100 400–5700 6300 3700–8900
2008–2010 — — — — 7300 4700–9900 4200 2200–6200 5700 4100–7400

Prevalence in adults

  • The following table outlines the temporal variation in the prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in type 1 diabetics:[2][3][3]
Year of study Age group
18-25 Years 26-30 Years 31-49 Years 50-64 Years >65 years
Prevalence per 100,000 cases Prevalence per 100,000 cases Prevalence per 100,000 cases Prevalence per 100,000 cases Prevalence per 100,000 cases
2010-2012 12000 7000 5000 6000 6000
2013-2014 6000

Incidence

  • The annual incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis varies in different reports and is related to the geographic location.
  • Worldwide, the annual incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis varies from a low of 13 persons per 100,000 persons (Denmark) to a high of 26 per 100,000 persons (Malaysia).[4][5]
  • In the Unites States, the number of hospital discharges with DKA as the first-listed diagnosis increased from about 80,000 discharges in 1988 to about 140,000 in 2009.[6]
Number (in thousands) of hospital discharges with DKA as first-listed diagnosis, United States, 1988 to 2009, source: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhds.htm


Case-fatality rate

  • Case-fatality rate of DKA varies from a low of less than 1000 per 100,000 individuals (USA and Scotland) to a high of 30,000 per 100,000 individuals (India).[7]
  • Case-fatality rates of DKA differ according to the level of care provided and healthcare setting.[3]
  • DKA is the most common cause of death in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and accounts for half of all deaths in diabetic patients younger than 24 years of age.[3][8]

Age

  • The prevalence of DKA decreases with increasing age.[9]
  • In children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, DKA is the most common cause of death.
  • In adult patients, DKA has an overall mortality is <1%.[10]
  • In the elderly and in patients with concomitant life-threatening illnesses, the mortality rate is greater than 5%.[11]
  • DKA and severe DKA at the time of type 1 diabetes diagnosis have been known to be more common among religious ultra-orthodox than among secular Jewish children, indicating that patient education and awareness of symptoms plays an important role in affecting incidence and prevalence.[12]

Gender

Race

Geographical distribution

  • There is marked variability in the incidence of DKA in different parts of the world.
  • The frequency of DKA at the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes varies across different countries, for example, in United Arab Emirates where it has been reported to be 80% and in Sweden it is 12.8%.[5][13]
  • In Canada and Europe, hospitalization rates for DKA in established and new patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is 10 per 100 000 children.[14]

References

  1. ↑ Dabelea D, Rewers A, Stafford JM, Standiford DA, Lawrence JM, Saydah S, Imperatore G, D'Agostino RB, Mayer-Davis EJ, Pihoker C (2014). "Trends in the prevalence of ketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study". Pediatrics. 133 (4): e938–45. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2795. PMC 4074618. PMID 24685959.
  2. ↑ Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Bergenstal RM, Miller KM, DuBose SN, Hall CA (2012). "The T1D Exchange clinic registry". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (12): 4383–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1561. PMID 22996145.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Diabetes Care".
  4. ↑ Henriksen OM, Røder ME, Prahl JB, Svendsen OL (2007). "Diabetic ketoacidosis in Denmark Incidence and mortality estimated from public health registries". Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 76 (1): 51–6. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.07.024. PMID 16959363.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Craig ME, Jones TW, Silink M, Ping YJ (2007). "Diabetes care, glycemic control, and complications in children with type 1 diabetes from Asia and the Western Pacific Region". J. Diabetes Complicat. 21 (5): 280–7. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.04.005. PMID 17825751.
  6. ↑ "NHDS - National Hospital Discharge Survey Homepage".
  7. ↑ "DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN CHILDREN - ScienceDirect".
  8. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Farsani SF, Brodovicz K, Soleymanlou N, Marquard J, Wissinger E, Maiese BA (2017). "Incidence and prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): a systematic literature review". BMJ Open. 7 (7): e016587. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016587. PMID 28765134.
  9. ↑ "NHDS - National Hospital Discharge Survey Homepage".
  10. ↑ Malone ML, Gennis V, Goodwin JS (1992). "Characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis in older versus younger adults". J Am Geriatr Soc. 40 (11): 1100–4. PMID 1401693.
  11. ↑ Gruber N, Reichman B, Lerner-Geva L, Pinhas-Hamiel O (2015). "Increased risk of severe diabetic ketoacidosis among Jewish ultra-orthodox children". Acta Diabetol. 52 (2): 365–71. doi:10.1007/s00592-014-0653-4. PMID 25267080.
  12. ↑ Samuelsson U, Stenhammar L (2005). "Clinical characteristics at onset of Type 1 diabetes in children diagnosed between 1977 and 2001 in the south-east region of Sweden". Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 68 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2004.08.002. PMID 15811565.
  13. ↑ "care.diabetesjournals.org" (PDF).

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