Cancer primary prevention: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
| (4 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
| Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the incidence of cancer. This can be accomplished by avoiding [[carcinogen]]s or altering their [[metabolism]], pursuing a lifestyle or diet that modifies cancer-causing factors and/or medical intervention ([[chemoprevention]], treatment of pre-malignant lesions). The [[epidemiology|epidemiological]] concept of "prevention" is usually defined as either [[primary prevention]], for people who have not been diagnosed with a particular disease, or [[secondary prevention]], aimed at reducing recurrence or complications of a previously diagnosed illness. | Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the incidence of cancer. This can be accomplished by avoiding [[carcinogen]]s or altering their [[metabolism]], pursuing a lifestyle or diet that modifies cancer-causing factors and/or medical intervention ([[chemoprevention]], treatment of pre-malignant lesions). The [[epidemiology|epidemiological]] concept of "prevention" is usually defined as either [[primary prevention]], for people who have not been diagnosed with a particular disease, or [[secondary prevention]], aimed at reducing recurrence or complications of a previously diagnosed illness. | ||
| Line 14: | Line 12: | ||
About a third of the twelve most common cancers worldwide are due to nine potentially modifiable risk factors. Men with cancer are twice as likely as women to have a modifiable risk factor for their disease. The nine risk factors are [[tobacco smoking]], excessive [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] use, diet low in [[fruit]] and vegetables, limited [[physical exercise]], [[human papillomavirus]] infection (unsafe sex), urban [[air pollution]], domestic use of solid fuels, and contaminated injections (hepatitis B and C).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M |title=Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9499 |pages=1784–93 |year=2005 |pmid=16298215 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67725-2| url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673605677252/fulltext}}</ref> | About a third of the twelve most common cancers worldwide are due to nine potentially modifiable risk factors. Men with cancer are twice as likely as women to have a modifiable risk factor for their disease. The nine risk factors are [[tobacco smoking]], excessive [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] use, diet low in [[fruit]] and vegetables, limited [[physical exercise]], [[human papillomavirus]] infection (unsafe sex), urban [[air pollution]], domestic use of solid fuels, and contaminated injections (hepatitis B and C).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M |title=Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9499 |pages=1784–93 |year=2005 |pmid=16298215 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67725-2| url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673605677252/fulltext}}</ref> | ||
== Primary Prevention == | |||
===Diet=== | ===Diet=== | ||
The consensus on diet and cancer is that [[obesity]] increases the risk of developing cancer. Particular dietary practices often explain differences in cancer incidence in different countries (e.g. [[gastric cancer]] is more common in Japan, while [[Colorectal cancer|colon cancer]] is more common in the United States). Studies have shown that immigrants develop the risk of their new country, often within one generation, suggesting a substantial link between diet and cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Buell P, Dunn JE |title=Cancer mortality among Japanese Issei and Nisei of California |journal=Cancer |volume=18 |issue= |pages=656-64 |year=1965 |pmid=14278899 |doi=}}</ref> Whether reducing obesity in a population also reduces cancer incidence is unknown. | |||
Despite frequent reports of particular substances (including foods) having a beneficial or detrimental effect on cancer risk, few of these have an established link to cancer. These reports are often based on studies in cultured cell media or animals. Public health recommendations cannot be made on the basis of these studies until they have been validated in an observational (or occasionally a prospective interventional) trial in humans. | |||
Proposed dietary interventions for primary cancer risk reduction generally gain support from epidemiological association studies. Examples of such studies include reports that reduced meat consumption is associated with decreased risk of colon cancer,<ref name="pmid9663397">{{cite journal |author=Slattery ML, Boucher KM, Caan BJ, Potter JD, Ma KN |title=Eating patterns and risk of colon cancer |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=4-16 |year=1998 |pmid=9663397 |doi=}}</ref> | Proposed dietary interventions for primary cancer risk reduction generally gain support from epidemiological association studies. Examples of such studies include reports that reduced meat consumption is associated with decreased risk of colon cancer,<ref name="pmid9663397">{{cite journal |author=Slattery ML, Boucher KM, Caan BJ, Potter JD, Ma KN |title=Eating patterns and risk of colon cancer |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=4-16 |year=1998 |pmid=9663397 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
and reports that consumption of coffee is associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer.<ref name="pmid17484871">{{cite journal |author=Larsson SC, Wolk A |title=Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=132 |issue=5 |pages=1740-5 |year=2007 |pmid=17484871 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.044}}</ref> Studies have linked consumption of grilled meat to an increased risk of [[stomach cancer]],<ref name="pmid9096659">{{cite journal |author=Ward MH, Sinha R, Heineman EF, ''et al'' |title=Risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus with meat cooking method and doneness preference |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=14-9 |year=1997 |pmid=9096659 |doi=}}</ref> [[Colorectal cancer|colon cancer]],<ref name="pmid16140978">{{cite journal |author=Sinha R, Peters U, Cross AJ, ''et al'' |title=Meat, meat cooking methods and preservation, and risk for colorectal adenoma |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=65 |issue=17 |pages=8034-41 |year=2005 |pmid=16140978 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3429}}</ref> [[breast cancer]],<ref name="pmid17435448">{{cite journal |author=Steck SE, Gaudet MM, Eng SM, ''et al'' |title=Cooked meat and risk of breast cancer--lifetime versus recent dietary intake |journal=Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=373-82 |year=2007 |pmid=17435448 |doi=10.1097/01.ede.0000259968.11151.06}}</ref> and [[pancreatic cancer]],<ref name="pmid16172241">{{cite journal |author=Anderson KE, Kadlubar FF, Kulldorff M, ''et al'' |title=Dietary intake of heterocyclic amines and benzo(a)pyrene: associations with pancreatic cancer |journal=Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=2261-5 |year=2005 |pmid=16172241 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0514}}</ref> a phenomenon which could be due to the presence of carcinogens such as [[benzopyrene]] in foods cooked at high temperatures. | and reports that consumption of coffee is associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer.<ref name="pmid17484871">{{cite journal |author=Larsson SC, Wolk A |title=Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=132 |issue=5 |pages=1740-5 |year=2007 |pmid=17484871 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.044}}</ref> Studies have linked consumption of grilled meat to an increased risk of [[stomach cancer]],<ref name="pmid9096659">{{cite journal |author=Ward MH, Sinha R, Heineman EF, ''et al'' |title=Risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus with meat cooking method and doneness preference |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=14-9 |year=1997 |pmid=9096659 |doi=}}</ref> [[Colorectal cancer|colon cancer]],<ref name="pmid16140978">{{cite journal |author=Sinha R, Peters U, Cross AJ, ''et al'' |title=Meat, meat cooking methods and preservation, and risk for colorectal adenoma |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=65 |issue=17 |pages=8034-41 |year=2005 |pmid=16140978 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3429}}</ref> [[breast cancer]],<ref name="pmid17435448">{{cite journal |author=Steck SE, Gaudet MM, Eng SM, ''et al'' |title=Cooked meat and risk of breast cancer--lifetime versus recent dietary intake |journal=Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=373-82 |year=2007 |pmid=17435448 |doi=10.1097/01.ede.0000259968.11151.06}}</ref> and [[pancreatic cancer]],<ref name="pmid16172241">{{cite journal |author=Anderson KE, Kadlubar FF, Kulldorff M, ''et al'' |title=Dietary intake of heterocyclic amines and benzo(a)pyrene: associations with pancreatic cancer |journal=Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=2261-5 |year=2005 |pmid=16172241 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0514}}</ref> a phenomenon which could be due to the presence of carcinogens such as [[benzopyrene]] in foods cooked at high temperatures. | ||
===Vaccination=== | |||
Considerable research effort is now devoted to the development of [[vaccine]]s to prevent infection by oncogenic infectious agents, as well as to mount an immune response against cancer-specific [[epitope]]s) and to potential venues for [[gene therapy]] for individuals with genetic mutations or polymorphisms that put them at high risk of cancer. | |||
As reported above, a preventive [[human papillomavirus vaccine]] exists that targets certain sexually transmitted strains of [[human papillomavirus]] that are associated with the development of [[cervical cancer]] and [[genital warts]]. The only two HPV vaccines on the market as of October 2007 are [[Gardasil]] and [[Cervarix]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
| Line 23: | Line 29: | ||
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]] | [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Causes of death]] | [[Category:Causes of death]] | ||
[[Category:Pathology]] | [[Category:Pathology]] | ||
[[Category:Types of cancer]] | [[Category:Types of cancer]] | ||
| Line 29: | Line 34: | ||
[[Category:Hematology]] | [[Category:Hematology]] | ||
[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | |||
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | ||
{{WikiDoc Sources}} | {{WikiDoc Sources}} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:30, 12 August 2015
|
Cancer Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Cancer primary prevention On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cancer primary prevention |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Cancer primary prevention |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing.
Overview
Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the incidence of cancer. This can be accomplished by avoiding carcinogens or altering their metabolism, pursuing a lifestyle or diet that modifies cancer-causing factors and/or medical intervention (chemoprevention, treatment of pre-malignant lesions). The epidemiological concept of "prevention" is usually defined as either primary prevention, for people who have not been diagnosed with a particular disease, or secondary prevention, aimed at reducing recurrence or complications of a previously diagnosed illness.
Observational epidemiological studies that show associations between risk factors and specific cancers mostly serve to generate hypotheses about potential interventions that could reduce cancer incidence or morbidity. Randomized controlled trials then test whether hypotheses generated by epidemiological trials and laboratory research actually result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality. In many cases, findings from observational epidemiological studies are not confirmed by randomized controlled trials.
About a third of the twelve most common cancers worldwide are due to nine potentially modifiable risk factors. Men with cancer are twice as likely as women to have a modifiable risk factor for their disease. The nine risk factors are tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol use, diet low in fruit and vegetables, limited physical exercise, human papillomavirus infection (unsafe sex), urban air pollution, domestic use of solid fuels, and contaminated injections (hepatitis B and C).[1]
Primary Prevention
Diet
The consensus on diet and cancer is that obesity increases the risk of developing cancer. Particular dietary practices often explain differences in cancer incidence in different countries (e.g. gastric cancer is more common in Japan, while colon cancer is more common in the United States). Studies have shown that immigrants develop the risk of their new country, often within one generation, suggesting a substantial link between diet and cancer.[2] Whether reducing obesity in a population also reduces cancer incidence is unknown.
Despite frequent reports of particular substances (including foods) having a beneficial or detrimental effect on cancer risk, few of these have an established link to cancer. These reports are often based on studies in cultured cell media or animals. Public health recommendations cannot be made on the basis of these studies until they have been validated in an observational (or occasionally a prospective interventional) trial in humans.
Proposed dietary interventions for primary cancer risk reduction generally gain support from epidemiological association studies. Examples of such studies include reports that reduced meat consumption is associated with decreased risk of colon cancer,[3] and reports that consumption of coffee is associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer.[4] Studies have linked consumption of grilled meat to an increased risk of stomach cancer,[5] colon cancer,[6] breast cancer,[7] and pancreatic cancer,[8] a phenomenon which could be due to the presence of carcinogens such as benzopyrene in foods cooked at high temperatures.
Vaccination
Considerable research effort is now devoted to the development of vaccines to prevent infection by oncogenic infectious agents, as well as to mount an immune response against cancer-specific epitopes) and to potential venues for gene therapy for individuals with genetic mutations or polymorphisms that put them at high risk of cancer.
As reported above, a preventive human papillomavirus vaccine exists that targets certain sexually transmitted strains of human papillomavirus that are associated with the development of cervical cancer and genital warts. The only two HPV vaccines on the market as of October 2007 are Gardasil and Cervarix.
References
- ↑ Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M (2005). "Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors". Lancet. 366 (9499): 1784–93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67725-2. PMID 16298215.
- ↑ Buell P, Dunn JE (1965). "Cancer mortality among Japanese Issei and Nisei of California". Cancer. 18: 656–64. PMID 14278899.
- ↑ Slattery ML, Boucher KM, Caan BJ, Potter JD, Ma KN (1998). "Eating patterns and risk of colon cancer". Am. J. Epidemiol. 148 (1): 4–16. PMID 9663397.
- ↑ Larsson SC, Wolk A (2007). "Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis". Gastroenterology. 132 (5): 1740–5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.044. PMID 17484871.
- ↑ Ward MH, Sinha R, Heineman EF; et al. (1997). "Risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus with meat cooking method and doneness preference". Int. J. Cancer. 71 (1): 14–9. PMID 9096659.
- ↑ Sinha R, Peters U, Cross AJ; et al. (2005). "Meat, meat cooking methods and preservation, and risk for colorectal adenoma". Cancer Res. 65 (17): 8034–41. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3429. PMID 16140978.
- ↑ Steck SE, Gaudet MM, Eng SM; et al. (2007). "Cooked meat and risk of breast cancer--lifetime versus recent dietary intake". Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 18 (3): 373–82. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000259968.11151.06. PMID 17435448.
- ↑ Anderson KE, Kadlubar FF, Kulldorff M; et al. (2005). "Dietary intake of heterocyclic amines and benzo(a)pyrene: associations with pancreatic cancer". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14 (9): 2261–5. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0514. PMID 16172241.