Pyelonephritis causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 23:54, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2],Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Causes of uncomplicated and complicated pyelonephritis are mostly similar. Common causes of complicated pyelonephritis include infections such as E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Causes

Common Causes

Bacterial microorganisms are the most common cause of pyelonephritis.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are:^[6]
- E. coli (70-80%)
- Enterococcus faecalis

Hospital-acquired infections may be due to coliforms and enterococci, as well as other organisms uncommon in the community, such as:^[7]

Less Common Causes

Following are the pathogens less frequently involved in causing pyelonephritis:^[1]^[8]

Fungal Causes

Fungi are rarely found as a cause of pyelonephriti:^[1]

Candida species

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Cyclophosphamide, Indinavir, Sirolimus, Spermicide use
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	E. coli , Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Renal tuberculosis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Tiagabine
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G; et al. (2009). "Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis". J Am Geriatr Soc. 57 (11): 2125–8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x. PMID 20121956.
↑ Bass PF, Jarvis JA, Mitchell CK (2003). "Urinary tract infections". Prim Care. 30 (1): 41–61, v–vi. PMID 12838910.
↑ Roberts JA (1999). "Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections". Urol Clin North Am. 26 (4): 753–63. PMID 10584616.
↑ Bergeron MG (1995). "Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults". Med Clin North Am. 79 (3): 619–49. PMID 7752732.
↑ Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF (2013). "Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 34 (9): 940–6. doi:10.1086/671740. PMID 23917908.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
↑ Yeow Y, Chong YL (2016). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (12). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw211. PMC 5159021. PMID 27915241.
↑ Alfouzan W, Al-Sahali S, Sultan H, Dhar R (2016). "Classical Presentation of Acute Pyelonephritis in a Case of Brucellosis". Case Rep Nephrol Dial. 6 (2): 83–88. doi:10.1159/000446393. PMC 5216229. PMID 28101501.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid20121956-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G; et al. (2009). "Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis". J Am Geriatr Soc. 57 (11): 2125–8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x. PMID 20121956.

[pmid12838910-2] Bass PF, Jarvis JA, Mitchell CK (2003). "Urinary tract infections". Prim Care. 30 (1): 41–61, v–vi. PMID 12838910.

[pmid10584616-3] Roberts JA (1999). "Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections". Urol Clin North Am. 26 (4): 753–63. PMID 10584616.

[pmid7752732-4] Bergeron MG (1995). "Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults". Med Clin North Am. 79 (3): 619–49. PMID 7752732.

[pmid23917908-5] Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF (2013). "Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 34 (9): 940–6. doi:10.1086/671740. PMID 23917908.

[pmid15768623-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.

[pmid27915241-7] Yeow Y, Chong YL (2016). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (12). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw211. PMC 5159021. PMID 27915241.

[pmid28101501-8] Alfouzan W, Al-Sahali S, Sultan H, Dhar R (2016). "Classical Presentation of Acute Pyelonephritis in a Case of Brucellosis". Case Rep Nephrol Dial. 6 (2): 83–88. doi:10.1159/000446393. PMC 5216229. PMID 28101501.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Pyelonephritis}}
-Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here.  It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]]  to learn about editing.
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VSKP}},{{USAMA}}
-{{CMG}}
 ==Overview==
+Causes of uncomplicated and complicated pyelonephritis are mostly similar. Common causes of complicated pyelonephritis include [[Infection|infections]] such as [[Escherichia coli|E. coli]], [[Enterococcus faecalis]], [[Proteus]], [[Klebsiella]], and [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]].
 == Causes ==
 ===Common Causes===
+Bacterial microorganisms are the most common cause of pyelonephritis.<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12838910">{{cite journal| author=Bass PF, Jarvis JA, Mitchell CK| title=Urinary tract infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-61, v-vi | pmid=12838910 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12838910  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10584616">{{cite journal| author=Roberts JA| title=Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections. | journal=Urol Clin North Am | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 753-63 | pmid=10584616 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10584616  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7752732">{{cite journal| author=Bergeron MG| title=Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 1995 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 619-49 | pmid=7752732 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7752732  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23917908">{{cite journal| author=Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF| title=Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009. | journal=Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 9 | pages= 940-6 | pmid=23917908 | doi=10.1086/671740 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23917908  }} </ref>
-* Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are
+* Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are:<ref name="pmid15768623">{{cite journal| author=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC| title=Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 933-42 | pmid=15768623 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15768623  }} </ref>
 ** [[Escherichia coli|E. coli]] (70-80%)
 ** [[Enterococcus faecalis]]
-* Hospital-acquired infections may be due to [[coliform]]s and [[enterococci]], as well as other organisms uncommon in the community
+* Hospital-acquired infections may be due to [[coliform]]s and [[enterococci]], as well as other organisms uncommon in the community, such as:<ref name="pmid27915241">{{cite journal| author=Yeow Y, Chong YL| title=Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess. | journal=J Surg Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27915241 | doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw211 | pmc=5159021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27915241  }} </ref>
-** [[Klebsiella]] spp.
+** [[Klebsiella]]
 ** [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
+** [[Proteus]]
+** [[Candida]]
+===Less Common Causes===
+Following are the pathogens less frequently involved in causing pyelonephritis:<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28101501">{{cite journal| author=Alfouzan W, Al-Sahali S, Sultan H, Dhar R| title=Classical Presentation of Acute Pyelonephritis in a Case of Brucellosis. | journal=Case Rep Nephrol Dial | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 83-88 | pmid=28101501 | doi=10.1159/000446393 | pmc=5216229 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28101501  }} </ref>
+*[[Morganella morganii]]
+*[[Acinetobacter baumannii]]
+*[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]
+*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
+*[[Gram-positive cocci]]
+*[[Brucella]]
+===Fungal Causes===
+Fungi are rarely found as a cause of pyelonephriti:<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref>
+*[[Candida]] species
+===Causes by Organ System===
+{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
+| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
+|-
+| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dental'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dermatologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Indinavir]], [[Sirolimus]], [[Spermicide|Spermicide use]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Endocrine'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Environmental'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Genetic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Hematologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Iatrogenic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Infectious Disease'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |  [[E. coli ]] , [[Enterococcus faecalis]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[Proteus mirabilis ]] , [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Renal tuberculosis]], [[Staphylococcus saprophyticus]], [[Tiagabine]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Neurologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Oncologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ophthalmologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Psychiatric'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Pulmonary'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Sexual'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Trauma'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Urologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Miscellaneous'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|}
+===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{columns-list|
+*[[Cystitis]]
+*[[E. coli ]]<ref name="pmid15768623">{{cite journal| author=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC| title=Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 933-42 | pmid=15768623 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15768623  }} </ref>
+*[[Enterococcus faecalis]]
+*[[Indinavir]]
+*[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]
+*[[Prostatitis]]
+*[[Proteus mirabilis ]]
+*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
+*[[Renal tuberculosis]]
+*[[Staphylococcus saprophyticus]]
+*[[Tiagabine]]
+}}
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
-[[Category:Needs content]]
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 [[Category:Nephrology]]
-[[Category:Inflammations]]
+[[Category:Urology]]
-[[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}