Hyperkalemia risk factors: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 23:04, 29 April 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2],Jogeet Singh Sekhon

Overview

The kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body. Most cases of hyperkalemia occur in disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium. This may result from disorders such as acute kidney failure, chronic kidney failure and glomerulonephritis.

Risk Factors

The kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body
Most cases of hyperkalemia are due to disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium ^[1]^[2]

Common risk factors

The most common risk factors for hyperkalmeia include^[3]:
- Acute kidney failure
- Chronic kidney failure^[4]
- Diabetes mellitus
- Glomerulonephritis
- Obstructive uropathy
- Rejection of a kidney transplant
- Addison's disease

Burns
Disorders that cause blood cells to burst (hemolytic conditions)
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Rhabdomyolysis from drugs, alcoholism, coma, or certain infections
Surgery
Traumatic injury
Tumors
Acidosis
Medications
- spironolactone
- amiloride
- triamterene
- Potassium supplements (especially intravenous potassium).

Less common risk factors

References

↑ Wang WH, Giebisch G (2009). "Regulation of potassium (K) handling in the renal collecting duct". Pflugers Arch. 458 (1): 157–68. doi:10.1007/s00424-008-0593-3. PMC 2730119. PMID 18839206.
↑ Giebisch GH, Wang WH (2010). "Potassium transport--an update". J Nephrol. 23 Suppl 16: S97–104. PMID 21170894.
↑ Magner PO, Robinson L, Halperin RM, Zettle R, Halperin ML (1988). "The plasma potassium concentration in metabolic acidosis: a re-evaluation". Am J Kidney Dis. 11 (3): 220–4. PMID 3344745.
↑ Giebisch G (1998). "Renal potassium transport: mechanisms and regulation". Am J Physiol. 274 (5 Pt 2): F817–33. PMID 9612319.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid18839206-1] Wang WH, Giebisch G (2009). "Regulation of potassium (K) handling in the renal collecting duct". Pflugers Arch. 458 (1): 157–68. doi:10.1007/s00424-008-0593-3. PMC 2730119. PMID 18839206.

[pmid21170894-2] Giebisch GH, Wang WH (2010). "Potassium transport--an update". J Nephrol. 23 Suppl 16: S97–104. PMID 21170894.

[pmid3344745-3] Magner PO, Robinson L, Halperin RM, Zettle R, Halperin ML (1988). "The plasma potassium concentration in metabolic acidosis: a re-evaluation". Am J Kidney Dis. 11 (3): 220–4. PMID 3344745.

[pmid9612319-4] Giebisch G (1998). "Renal potassium transport: mechanisms and regulation". Am J Physiol. 274 (5 Pt 2): F817–33. PMID 9612319.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
+{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
+|-
+| <figure-inline>[[image:Siren.gif|link=hyperkalemia resident survival guide|41x41px]]</figure-inline>|| <br> || <br>
+| [[Hyperkalemia resident survival guide|Resident <br> Survival   <br> Guide]]
+|}
 {{Hyperkalemia}}
-{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh@perfuse.org]
+{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com],[[Jogeet Singh Sekhon]]
 ==Overview==
-Hyperkalemia occurs when the level of potassium in the bloodstream is higher than normal. This may be related to an increase in total body potassium or the excess release of potassium from the cells into the bloodstream. The kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body. Most cases of hyperkalemia are caused by disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium
+The [[kidneys]] normally remove excess potassium from the body. Most cases of [[hyperkalemia]] occur in disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium. This may result from disorders such as [[acute kidney failure]], [[chronic kidney failure]] and [[glomerulonephritis]].
-==Risk factors==
-The kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body. Most cases of [[hyperkalemia]] are caused by disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium.This may result from disorders such as:
-* [[Acute kidney failure]]
-* [[Chronic kidney failure]]
-* [[Glomerulonephritis]]
-* Obstructive uropathy
-* Rejection of a [[kidney transplant]]
-The hormone [[aldosterone]] regulates kidney removal of sodium and potassium. Lack of aldosterone can result in hyperkalemia with an increase in total body potassium. [[Addison's]] disease is one disorder that causes reduced aldosterone production.
+==Risk Factors==
+* The [[kidneys]] normally remove excess [[potassium]] from the body
+* Most cases of [[hyperkalemia]] are due to  [[disorders]] that reduce the [[kidneys]]' ability to get rid of [[potassium]] <ref name="pmid18839206">{{cite journal| author=Wang WH, Giebisch G| title=Regulation of potassium (K) handling in the renal collecting duct. | journal=Pflugers Arch | year= 2009 | volume= 458 | issue= 1 | pages= 157-68 | pmid=18839206 | doi=10.1007/s00424-008-0593-3 | pmc=2730119 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18839206  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21170894">{{cite journal| author=Giebisch GH, Wang WH| title=Potassium transport--an update. | journal=J Nephrol | year= 2010 | volume= 23 Suppl 16 | issue=  | pages= S97-104 | pmid=21170894 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21170894  }} </ref>
-Any time potassium is released from the cells, it may build up in the fluid outside the cells and in the bloodstream. Acidosis leads to the movement of potassium from inside the cells to the fluid outside the cells. Tissue injury can cause the cells to release potassium. Such injury includes:
+===Common risk factors===
+* The most common risk factors for hyperkalmeia include<ref name="pmid3344745">{{cite journal| author=Magner PO, Robinson L, Halperin RM, Zettle R, Halperin ML| title=The plasma potassium concentration in metabolic acidosis: a re-evaluation. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1988 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 220-4 | pmid=3344745 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3344745  }} </ref>:
+**[[Acute kidney failure]]
+** [[Chronic kidney failure]]<ref name="pmid9612319">{{cite journal| author=Giebisch G| title=Renal potassium transport: mechanisms and regulation. | journal=Am J Physiol | year= 1998 | volume= 274 | issue= 5 Pt 2 | pages= F817-33 | pmid=9612319 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9612319  }} </ref>
+** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+** [[Glomerulonephritis]]
+** [[Obstructive uropathy]]
+** Rejection of a [[kidney transplant]]
+** [[Addison's disease]]
 * [[Burns]]
-* Disorders that cause blood cells to burst ([[hemolytic conditions]])
+* Disorders that cause [[blood cells]] to burst ([[hemolytic]] conditions)
-* Gastrointestinal [[bleeding]]
+*[[Gastrointestinal]] [[bleeding]]
 * [[Rhabdomyolysis]] from drugs, alcoholism, coma, or certain infections
-* Surgery
+*[[Surgery]]
-* Traumatic injury
+*[[Traumatic injury|Traumatic]] injury
-* Tumors
+*[[Tumors]]
+* [[Acidosis]]
-If the kidney is working properly, and there is enough aldosterone, tissue trauma alone rarely leads to hyperkalemia. A normally functioning kidney will remove the excess potassium that has been released from the cells.
+* Medications
+**[[spironolactone]]
-Increased intake of potassium can cause hyperkalemia if kidney function is poor. Salt substitutes often contain potassium, as do many "low-salt" packaged foods.
+** [[amiloride]]
+** [[triamterene]]
+**[[Potassium]] supplements (especially intravenous potassium).
-Hyperkalemia may be caused by medications, including medications that affect kidney function (potassium sparing diuretics, such as [[spironolactone]], [[amiloride]], or [[triamterene]]) and potassium supplements (especially intravenous potassium).
+=== Less common risk factors ===
+* Fasting
+*[[Exercise]]
+*[[Fluoride]] [[toxicity]]
+*[[Hypoparathyroidism]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}
 [[Category:Potassium]]
 [[Category:Medical emergencies]]
@@ Line 44: / Line 55: @@
 [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
 [[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
+[[Category:Needs overview]]
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