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| '''For patient information page, click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient name)|here]] | | __NOTOC__ |
| | '''For patient information, click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]] |
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| {{Infobox_Disease |
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| Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
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| Image = |
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| Caption = |
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| DiseasesDB = 10797 |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|N|40||n|40}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|600}} |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = |
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| MeshID = D011470 |
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| }}
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| {{Benign prostatic hyperplasia}} | | {{Benign prostatic hyperplasia}} |
| {{SCC}} | | {{SCC}} |
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| ==Diagnosis==
| | {{SK}} Hyperplasia of the Postate; Prostate hyperplasia, benign; prostatic hypertrophy; adenofibromatous hypertrophy of prostate; benign prostatic hypertrophy |
| [[Rectal examination]] (palpation of the prostate through the [[rectum]]) may reveal a markedly enlarged [[prostate]].
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| Often, [[blood test]]s are performed to rule out prostatic malignancy: elevated [[prostate specific antigen]] (PSA) levels needs further investigations such as reinterpretation of [[PSA]] results, in terms of [[PSA]] density and [[PSA]] free percentage, rectal examination and [[transrectal ultrasonography]]. These combined measures can provide early cancer detection.
| | ==[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia overview|Overview]]== |
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| [[Medical ultrasonography|Ultrasound]] examination of the testicles, prostate and kidneys is often performed, again to rule out malignancy and [[hydronephrosis]]. | | ==[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| ==Epidemiology== | | ==[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| More than half of the men in the United States between the ages of 60 and 70 and as many as 90% between the ages of 70 and 90 have symptoms of BPH. For some men, the symptoms may be severe enough to require treatment.
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| ==Treatment== | | ==[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia causes|Causes]]== |
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| ===Lifestyle=== | | ==[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia differential diagnosis|Differentiating Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia from other Diseases]]== |
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| Patients should decrease fluid intake before bedtime, moderate the consumption of [[alcohol]] and [[caffeine]]-containing products, and follow timed voiding schedules.
| | ==[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| ===Medications=== | | ==[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| [[Alpha blocker]]s (α<sub>1</sub>-[[adrenergic receptor]] [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]]s) provide symptomatic relief of BPH symptoms. Available drugs include [[doxazosin]], [[terazosin]], [[alfuzosin]] and [[tamsulosin]]. Older drugs, [[phenoxybenzamine]] and [[prazosin]] are not recommended for treatment of BPH <ref>AUA Practice Guidelines Committee.AUA guideline on management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (2003). Chapter 1: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations. ''J Urol'' '''170(2 Pt 1)''': 530-47. PMID 12853821</ref>. Alpha-blockers relax smooth muscle in the prostate and the bladder neck, and decrease the degree of blockage of urine flow. Alpha-blockers may cause ejaculation back into the bladder ([[retrograde ejaculation]]).
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| The [[5-alpha-reductase inhibitor|5α-reductase inhibitors]] ([[finasteride]] and [[dutasteride]]) are another treatment option. When used together with alpha blockers a reduction of BPH progression to acute urinary retention and surgery has been noted in patients with larger prostates.<ref>Kaplan SA, McConnell JD, Roehrborn CG, ''et al'' (2006). Combination therapy with doxazosin and finasteride for benign prostatic
| | ==[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia screening|Screening]]== |
| hyperplasia in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and a baseline total
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| prostate volume of 25 ml or greater. ''J Urol'' '''175(1)''': 217-20. PMID 16406915.</ref>
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| There is also extensive evidence of the efficacy of ''Serenoa repens'' (saw palmetto) fruit extracts in alleviating mild-to-moderate BPH symptoms; a [[systematic review]] of evidence found comparable efficacy to [[finasteride]].<ref>Wilt TJ, Ishani A, MacDonald R, (2002). Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. ''[[Cochrane Library|Cochrane Database Syst Rev]]'' '''2002''' (3), CD001423. ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12137626 Medline abstract])</ref> Other herbal medicines that have solid research support in systematic reviews include beta-sitosterol from ''Hypoxis rooperi'' (African star grass) and pygeum (extracted from the bark of ''Prunus africana''), while there is less substantial support for the efficacy of ''Cucurbita pepo'' (pumpkin) seed and ''Urtica dioica'' (stinging nettle) root.<ref>Wilt TJ, Ishani A, Rutks I, MacDonald R (2000) Phytotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia ''Public Health Nutr'' 3(4A):459-72 ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11276294&query_hl=5&itool=pubmed_docsum Medline abstract])</ref> At least one double-blind trial has also supported the efficacy of rye flower pollen.<ref>Buck AC, Cox R, Rees RWM, et al. (1990) Treatment of outflow tract obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia with the pollen extract, Cernilton. A double-blind placebo-controlled study ''Br J Urol'' 66:398-404 ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1699628&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum Medline abstract])</ref>
| | ==[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| [[Sildenafil]] shows some symptomatic relief, suggesting a possible common etiology with [[erectile dysfunction]]<ref>McVary KT, Monnig W, Camps JL Jr, ''et al'' (2007). Sildenafil citrate improves erectile function and urinary symptoms in men with
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign
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| prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, double-blind trial. ''J Urol'' '''177(3)''' :1071-7. PMID 17296414</ref>.
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| ===Surgery===
| | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| If medical treatment fails, [[transurethral resection of prostate]] (TURP) surgery may need to be performed. This involves removing (part of) the prostate through the [[urethra]]. There are also a number of new methods for reducing the size of an enlarged prostate, some of which have not been around long enough to fully establish their safety or side effects. These include various methods to destroy or remove part of the excess tissue while trying to avoid damaging what's left. Transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate (TVP), laser TURP, visual laser ablation (VLAP), TransUrethral Microwave ThermoTherapy (TUMT), [[Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate|TransUrethral Needle Ablation]] (TUNA), ethanol injection, and others are studied as alternatives.
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| Newer techniques involving lasers in urology have emerged in the last 5-10 years. Starting with the VLAP technique involving the [[Nd:YAG laser]] with contact on the prostatic tissue. A similar technology called Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate (PVP) with the GreenLight (KTP) laser have emerged very recently. This procedure involves a high powered 80 Watt KTP laser with a 550 micrometre laser fiber inserted into the prostate. This fiber has an internal reflection with a 70 degree deflecting angle. It is used to vaporize the tissue to the prostatic capsule. KTP lasers target haemoglobin as the chromophore and have typically have a penetration depth of 2.0mm (four times deeper than holmium).
| | ==Treatment== |
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| Another procedure termed Holmium Laser Ablation of the Prostate (HoLAP) has also been gaining acceptance around the world. Like KTP the delivery device for HoLAP procedures is a 550um disposable side-firing fiber that directs the beam from a high powered 100 Watt laser at a 70degree from the fiber axis. The holmium wavelength is 2,140nm, which falls within the infrared portion of the spectrum and is invisible to the naked eye. Where KTP relies on haemoglobin as a chromophore, water within the target tissue is the chromophore for Holmium lasers. The pentration depth of Holmium lasers is <0.5mm avoiding complications associated with tissue necrosis often found with the deeper penetration and lower peak powers of KTP.
| | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia surgery|Surgery]] | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| Both wavelengths, KTP and Holmium, ablate approximately one to two grams of tissue per minute.
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia case study one|Case #1]] |
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| ==Related chapters== | | ==Related chapters== |
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| *[[Uvula of urinary bladder]] | | *[[Uvula of urinary bladder]] |
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| {{Urologicals}} | | {{Urologicals}} |
| {{Diseases of the pelvis, genitals and breasts}} | | {{Diseases of the pelvis, genitals and breasts}} |
| {{Geriatrics}} | | {{Geriatrics}} |
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| [[Category:Andrology]]
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| [[Category:Urology]]
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| [[de:Benigne Prostatahyperplasie]] | | [[de:Benigne Prostatahyperplasie]] |
| [[es:Hipertrofia benigna de próstata]] | | [[es:Hipertrofia benigna de próstata]] |
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| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
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| | [[Category:Andrology]] |
| | [[Category:Urology]] |
| | [[Category:Surgery]] |
| | [[Category:Disease]] |