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{{Yellow fever}} | {{Yellow fever}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
Yellow fever must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[fever]], [[diarrhea]], [[dehydration]] and [[tachycardia]], such as [[ebola]], [[typhoid fever]], [[malaria]], [[Zika virus]], and [[lassa fever]]. | |||
==Differentiating Yellow Fever from other Diseases== | |||
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate Yellow Fever from other conditions that cause [[fever]] and [[hemorrhage]]: | |||
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center | |||
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! style="background: #4479BA; width: 120px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Disease}} | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Findings}} | |||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Shigellosis]] & other bacterial enteric infections''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Presents with [[diarrhea]], possibly [[Dysentery|bloody]], accompanied by [[fever]], [[nausea]], and sometimes [[toxemia]], [[vomiting]], [[cramps]], and [[tenesmus]]. [[Stool]]s contain [[blood]] and mucous in a typical case. A search for possible sites of bacterial infection, together with cultures and [[blood smear]]s, should be made. Presence of [[leucocytosis]] distinguishes bacterial infections from [[viral infections]]. | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Typhoid fever]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Presents with [[fever]], [[headache]], [[rash]], gastrointestinal symptoms, with [[lymphadenopathy]], relative [[bradycardia]], [[cough]] and [[leucopenia]] and sometimes [[sore throat]]. [[Blood]] and [[stool culture]] can confirm the presence of the causative bacteria. | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Malaria]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Presents with acute [[fever]], [[headache]] and sometimes [[diarrhea]] (children). A [[blood smear]]s must be examined for malaria parasites. The presence of [[parasites]] does not exclude a concurrent viral infection. An [[antimalarial]] should be prescribed as an [[empiric therapy]]. | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Lassa fever]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Disease onset is usually gradual, with [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[cough]], [[pharyngitis]], and [[facial edema]] in the later stages. Inflammation and exudation of the [[pharynx]] and [[conjunctiva]] are common. | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Ebola]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Presents with [[fever]], [[chills]] [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], generalized [[pain]] or [[malaise]], and sometimes [[Internal bleeding|internal]] and external [[bleeding]], that follow an [[incubation period]] of 2-21 days. | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Zika virus]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Fever]], [[maculopapular rash]], [[headache]], and [[conjunctivitis]]. Symptoms usually mild and self-limiting, lasting 4-12 days after symptom onset. | |||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Others''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Viral hepatitis]], [[leptospirosis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[typhus]], and [[mononucleosis]] can produce signs and symptoms that may be confused with [[Ebola]] in the early stages of infection. | |||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #FFF;" colspan="2"| <SMALL>Table adapted from WHO Guidelines For Epidemic Preparedness And Response: Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever <ref name="WHO"> {{cite web| title=WHO Guidelines For Epidemic Preparedness And Response: Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever |url= http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/63806 }} </ref></SMALL> | |||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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Latest revision as of 19:30, 18 September 2017
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Yellow fever Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Treatment |
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Yellow fever differential diagnosis On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Yellow fever differential diagnosis |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Yellow fever differential diagnosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Yellow fever must be differentiated from other diseases that cause fever, diarrhea, dehydration and tachycardia, such as ebola, typhoid fever, malaria, Zika virus, and lassa fever.
Differentiating Yellow Fever from other Diseases
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate Yellow Fever from other conditions that cause fever and hemorrhage:
| Disease | Findings |
|---|---|
| Shigellosis & other bacterial enteric infections | Presents with diarrhea, possibly bloody, accompanied by fever, nausea, and sometimes toxemia, vomiting, cramps, and tenesmus. Stools contain blood and mucous in a typical case. A search for possible sites of bacterial infection, together with cultures and blood smears, should be made. Presence of leucocytosis distinguishes bacterial infections from viral infections. |
| Typhoid fever | Presents with fever, headache, rash, gastrointestinal symptoms, with lymphadenopathy, relative bradycardia, cough and leucopenia and sometimes sore throat. Blood and stool culture can confirm the presence of the causative bacteria. |
| Malaria | Presents with acute fever, headache and sometimes diarrhea (children). A blood smears must be examined for malaria parasites. The presence of parasites does not exclude a concurrent viral infection. An antimalarial should be prescribed as an empiric therapy. |
| Lassa fever | Disease onset is usually gradual, with fever, sore throat, cough, pharyngitis, and facial edema in the later stages. Inflammation and exudation of the pharynx and conjunctiva are common. |
| Ebola | Presents with fever, chills vomiting, diarrhea, generalized pain or malaise, and sometimes internal and external bleeding, that follow an incubation period of 2-21 days. |
| Zika virus | Fever, maculopapular rash, headache, and conjunctivitis. Symptoms usually mild and self-limiting, lasting 4-12 days after symptom onset. |
| Others | Viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, rheumatic fever, typhus, and mononucleosis can produce signs and symptoms that may be confused with Ebola in the early stages of infection. |
| Table adapted from WHO Guidelines For Epidemic Preparedness And Response: Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever [1] | |