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==Overview==
==Overview==
Pulmonary valve stenosis is a dynamic or fixed obstruction of the flow from the [[right ventricle]] of the heart to the pulmonary artery.  Pulmonary valve stenosis can be caused by an isolated valvular obstruction, subvalvular or supravalvular obstruction.  Narrowing of the pulmonary valve can be [[congenital]].  Other common causes include [[carcinoid syndrome]], [[congenital rubella syndrome]] or [[tetralogy of Fallot]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
*Congenital pulmonic stenosis is most common.
===Life Threatening Causes===
*Rheumatic involvement is rare, is usually part of multivalvular involvement, rarely leads to serious deformity.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*Carcinoid plaques can be present in the carcinoid syndrome. These result in constriction of the pulmonic valve ring, retraction and fusion of the valve cusps.
*[[Endocarditis]]
 
===Common Causes===
====Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis====
*[[congenital heart disease|Bicuspid pulmonic valves]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
*[[Congenital rubella syndrome]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
 
====Subvalvular Pulmonic Stenosis====
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
 
====Supravalvular Pulmonic Stenosis====
*[[Blalock-Taussig shunt]]
*[[Congenital rubella syndrome]]
*[[transposition of great arteries|Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries]]
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
 
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[congenital heart disease|Bicuspid pulmonic valves]], [[cardiac myxoma]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[Double outlet right ventricle|double-chambered right ventricle]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[Eisenmenger syndrome]], [[endocarditis]], [[endomyocardial fibrosis]], [[Ivemark syndrome]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[cardiac tumors|right ventricular tumors]], [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[Costello syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Weill-Marchesani syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alagille syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Ivemark syndrome]], [[Primary lymphedema|primary intestinal lymphangiectasia]], [[Protein losing enteropathy|protein-losing gastroenteropathy]], [[tropical sprue]], [[ulcerative colitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alagille syndrome]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[Carpenter syndrome]], [[congenital rubella syndrome]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[Keutel syndrome]], [[Leopard syndrome|LEOPARD syndrome]], [[neonatal lupus]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[Tetralogy of Fallot]], [[Turner syndrome]], [[Weill-Marchesani syndrome]], [[Williams syndrome]], [[Williams-Beuren syndrome]], [[Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blalock-Taussig shunt]], [[radiofrequency ablation|catheter ablation for arrhythmia]], [[transposition of great arteries|congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries]], [[heart surgery]], [[prosthetic valve|prosthetic valve dysfunction]], [[radiation]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital rubella syndrome]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[rheumatic fever]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carpenter syndrome]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[Noonan syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carpenter syndrome]], [[Keutel syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neonatal lupus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoid syndrome]], [[cardiac myxoma]], [[cardiac tumors|right ventricular tumors]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Weill-Marchesani syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lithium]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eisenmenger syndrome]], [[Loefflers syndrome]], [[Weill-Marchesani syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[End stage renal disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neonatal lupus]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Alagille syndrome]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]<ref name="pmid13720056">{{cite journal| author=DAVIDSON JD, WALDMANN TA, GOODMAN DS, GORDON RS| title=Protein-losing gastroenteropathy in congestive heart-failure. | journal=Lancet | year= 1961 | volume= 1 | issue= 7183 | pages= 899-902 | pmid=13720056 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13720056 }} </ref>
*[[congenital heart disease|Bicuspid pulmonic valves]]
*[[Blalock-Taussig shunt]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]]<ref name="pmid11838647">{{cite journal| author=Simula DV, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Connolly HM, Schaff HV| title=Surgical pathology of carcinoid heart disease: a study of 139 valves from 75 patients spanning 20 years. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2002 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 139-47 | pmid=11838647 | doi=10.4065/77.2.139 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11838647 }} </ref>
*[[Cardiac myxoma]]
*[[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]]
*[[Carpenter syndrome]]
*[[radiofrequency ablation|Catheter ablation for arrhythmia]]<ref name="pmid24239841">{{cite journal| author=Hummel J, Michaud G, Hoyt R, Delurgio D, Rasekh A, Kusumoto F et al.| title=Phased RF Ablation in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. | journal=Heart Rhythm | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24239841 | doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.11.009 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24239841 }} </ref>
*[[Celiac disease]]<ref name="pmid1782939">{{cite journal| author=Müller C, Globits S, Glogar D, Klepetko W, Knoflach P| title=Constrictive pericarditis without typical haemodynamic changes as a cause of oedema formation due to protein-losing enteropathy. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1991 | volume= 12 | issue= 10 | pages= 1140-3 | pmid=1782939 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1782939 }} </ref>
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Congenital rubella syndrome]]<ref name="pmid4589966">{{cite journal| author=Rowe RD| title=Cardiovascular disease in the rubella syndrome. | journal=Cardiovasc Clin | year= 1973 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 61-80 | pmid=4589966 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4589966 }} </ref>
*[[transposition of great arteries|Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries]]
*[[Costello syndrome]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Double outlet right ventricle|Double-chambered right ventricle]]<ref name="pmid7588901">{{cite journal| author=Cabrera A, Martinez P, Rumoroso JR, Alcibar J, Arriola J, Pastor E et al.| title=Double-chambered right ventricle. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1995 | volume= 16 | issue= 5 | pages= 682-6 | pmid=7588901 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7588901 }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
 
*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]<ref name="pmid14211820">{{cite journal| author=SUMNER RG, JACOBY WJ, TUCKER DH| title=EBSTEIN'S ANOMALY ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOMYOPATHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. | journal=Circulation | year= 1964 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 578-87 | pmid=14211820 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14211820 }} </ref>
*[[Eisenmenger syndrome]]
*[[End stage renal disease]]<ref name="pmid5653056">{{cite journal| author=Roberts WC, Mason DT, Morrow AG, Braunwald E| title=Calcific pulmonic stenosis. | journal=Circulation | year= 1968 | volume= 37 | issue= 6 | pages= 973-8 | pmid=5653056 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5653056 }} </ref>
*[[Endocarditis]]
*[[Endomyocardial fibrosis]]
*[[Heart surgery]]
*[[Infective endocarditis]]<ref name="pmid8425318">{{cite journal| author=Gersony WM, Hayes CJ, Driscoll DJ, Keane JF, Kidd L, O'Fallon WM et al.| title=Bacterial endocarditis in patients with aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, or ventricular septal defect. | journal=Circulation | year= 1993 | volume= 87 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= I121-6 | pmid=8425318 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8425318 }} </ref>
*[[Ivemark syndrome]]
*[[Keutel syndrome]]
*[[Leopard syndrome|LEOPARD syndrome]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Loefflers syndrome]]<ref name="pmid24102642">{{cite journal| author=Garg A, Nanda NC, Sungur A, Sharma GL, Mehta KJ, Oz TK| title=Transthoracic Echocardiographic Detection of Pulmonary Valve Involvement in Löeffler's Endocarditis. | journal=Echocardiography | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24102642 | doi=10.1111/echo.12368 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24102642 }} </ref>
*[[Neonatal lupus]]<ref name="pmid9626848">{{cite journal| author=Buyon JP, Hiebert R, Copel J, Craft J, Friedman D, Katholi M et al.| title=Autoimmune-associated congenital heart block: demographics, mortality, morbidity and recurrence rates obtained from a national neonatal lupus registry. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1998 | volume= 31 | issue= 7 | pages= 1658-66 | pmid=9626848 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9626848 }} </ref>
*[[Noonan syndrome]]
*[[Primary lymphedema|Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia]]<ref name="pmid5847556">{{cite journal| author=Wilkinson P, Pinto B, Senior JR| title=Reversible protein-losing enteropathy with intestinal lymphangiectasia secondary to chronic constrictive pericarditis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1965 | volume= 273 | issue= 22 | pages= 1178-81 | pmid=5847556 | doi=10.1056/NEJM196511252732202 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5847556 }} </ref>
*[[prosthetic valve|Prosthetic valve dysfunction]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}


*[[Protein losing enteropathy|Protein-losing gastroenteropathy]]<ref name="pmid21349233">{{cite journal| author=Meadows J, Jenkins K| title=Protein-losing enteropathy: integrating a new disease paradigm into recommendations for prevention and treatment. | journal=Cardiol Young | year= 2011 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 363-77 | pmid=21349233 | doi=10.1017/S1047951111000102 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21349233 }} </ref>
*[[Radiation]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Cardiac tumors|Right ventricular tumors]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
*[[Tropical sprue]]<ref name="pmid1782939">{{cite journal| author=Müller C, Globits S, Glogar D, Klepetko W, Knoflach P| title=Constrictive pericarditis without typical haemodynamic changes as a cause of oedema formation due to protein-losing enteropathy. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1991 | volume= 12 | issue= 10 | pages= 1140-3 | pmid=1782939 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1782939 }} </ref>
*[[Turner syndrome]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]]<ref name="pmid13720056">{{cite journal| author=DAVIDSON JD, WALDMANN TA, GOODMAN DS, GORDON RS| title=Protein-losing gastroenteropathy in congestive heart-failure. | journal=Lancet | year= 1961 | volume= 1 | issue= 7183 | pages= 899-902 | pmid=13720056 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13720056 }} </ref>
*[[Weill-Marchesani syndrome]]<ref name="pmid24214363">{{cite journal| author=Kochhar A, Kirmani S, Cetta F, Younge B, Hyland JC, Michels V| title=Similarity of geleophysic dysplasia and weill-marchesani syndrome. | journal=Am J Med Genet A | year= 2013 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=24214363 | doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.36147 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24214363 }} </ref>
*[[Williams syndrome]]
*[[Williams-Beuren syndrome]]
*[[Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome]]
{{col-end}}
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
[[Category:Valvular heart disease]]
[[Category:Valvular heart disease]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]

Latest revision as of 18:56, 20 November 2013

Pulmonary valve stenosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Pulmonary valve stenosis is a dynamic or fixed obstruction of the flow from the right ventricle of the heart to the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary valve stenosis can be caused by an isolated valvular obstruction, subvalvular or supravalvular obstruction. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve can be congenital. Other common causes include carcinoid syndrome, congenital rubella syndrome or tetralogy of Fallot.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis

Subvalvular Pulmonic Stenosis

Supravalvular Pulmonic Stenosis

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Bicuspid pulmonic valves, cardiac myxoma, congenital heart disease, double-chambered right ventricle, Ebstein's anomaly, Eisenmenger syndrome, endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis, Ivemark syndrome, rheumatic heart disease, right ventricular tumors, Tetralogy of Fallot
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat Weill-Marchesani syndrome
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Alagille syndrome, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, Ivemark syndrome, primary intestinal lymphangiectasia, protein-losing gastroenteropathy, tropical sprue, ulcerative colitis
Genetic Alagille syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Carpenter syndrome, congenital rubella syndrome, Costello syndrome, Ebstein's anomaly, Keutel syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, neonatal lupus, Noonan syndrome, Tetralogy of Fallot, Turner syndrome, Weill-Marchesani syndrome, Williams syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome
Hematologic Amyloidosis, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic Blalock-Taussig shunt, catheter ablation for arrhythmia, congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries, heart surgery, prosthetic valve dysfunction, radiation
Infectious Disease Congenital rubella syndrome, infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Carpenter syndrome, Costello syndrome, Noonan syndrome
Neurologic Carpenter syndrome, Keutel syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic Neonatal lupus
Oncologic Carcinoid syndrome, cardiac myxoma, right ventricular tumors
Ophthalmologic Weill-Marchesani syndrome
Overdose/Toxicity Lithium
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Eisenmenger syndrome, Loefflers syndrome, Weill-Marchesani syndrome
Renal/Electrolyte End stage renal disease
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Neonatal lupus, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 DAVIDSON JD, WALDMANN TA, GOODMAN DS, GORDON RS (1961). "Protein-losing gastroenteropathy in congestive heart-failure". Lancet. 1 (7183): 899–902. PMID 13720056.
  2. ↑ Simula DV, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Connolly HM, Schaff HV (2002). "Surgical pathology of carcinoid heart disease: a study of 139 valves from 75 patients spanning 20 years". Mayo Clin Proc. 77 (2): 139–47. doi:10.4065/77.2.139. PMID 11838647.
  3. ↑ Hummel J, Michaud G, Hoyt R, Delurgio D, Rasekh A, Kusumoto F; et al. (2013). "Phased RF Ablation in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation". Heart Rhythm. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.11.009. PMID 24239841.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Müller C, Globits S, Glogar D, Klepetko W, Knoflach P (1991). "Constrictive pericarditis without typical haemodynamic changes as a cause of oedema formation due to protein-losing enteropathy". Eur Heart J. 12 (10): 1140–3. PMID 1782939.
  5. ↑ Rowe RD (1973). "Cardiovascular disease in the rubella syndrome". Cardiovasc Clin. 5 (1): 61–80. PMID 4589966.
  6. ↑ Cabrera A, Martinez P, Rumoroso JR, Alcibar J, Arriola J, Pastor E; et al. (1995). "Double-chambered right ventricle". Eur Heart J. 16 (5): 682–6. PMID 7588901.
  7. ↑ SUMNER RG, JACOBY WJ, TUCKER DH (1964). "EBSTEIN'S ANOMALY ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOMYOPATHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION". Circulation. 30: 578–87. PMID 14211820.
  8. ↑ Roberts WC, Mason DT, Morrow AG, Braunwald E (1968). "Calcific pulmonic stenosis". Circulation. 37 (6): 973–8. PMID 5653056.
  9. ↑ Gersony WM, Hayes CJ, Driscoll DJ, Keane JF, Kidd L, O'Fallon WM; et al. (1993). "Bacterial endocarditis in patients with aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, or ventricular septal defect". Circulation. 87 (2 Suppl): I121–6. PMID 8425318.
  10. ↑ Garg A, Nanda NC, Sungur A, Sharma GL, Mehta KJ, Oz TK (2013). "Transthoracic Echocardiographic Detection of Pulmonary Valve Involvement in Löeffler's Endocarditis". Echocardiography. doi:10.1111/echo.12368. PMID 24102642.
  11. ↑ Buyon JP, Hiebert R, Copel J, Craft J, Friedman D, Katholi M; et al. (1998). "Autoimmune-associated congenital heart block: demographics, mortality, morbidity and recurrence rates obtained from a national neonatal lupus registry". J Am Coll Cardiol. 31 (7): 1658–66. PMID 9626848.
  12. ↑ Wilkinson P, Pinto B, Senior JR (1965). "Reversible protein-losing enteropathy with intestinal lymphangiectasia secondary to chronic constrictive pericarditis". N Engl J Med. 273 (22): 1178–81. doi:10.1056/NEJM196511252732202. PMID 5847556.
  13. ↑ Meadows J, Jenkins K (2011). "Protein-losing enteropathy: integrating a new disease paradigm into recommendations for prevention and treatment". Cardiol Young. 21 (4): 363–77. doi:10.1017/S1047951111000102. PMID 21349233.
  14. ↑ Kochhar A, Kirmani S, Cetta F, Younge B, Hyland JC, Michels V (2013). "Similarity of geleophysic dysplasia and weill-marchesani syndrome". Am J Med Genet A. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36147. PMID 24214363.

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