Schistosomiasis: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_Disease |
  Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
  Image          = Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg |
  Caption        = Skin vesicles created by the penetration of Schistosoma. Source: CDC |
  DiseasesDB    = |
  ICD10          = {{ICD10|B|65||b|65}} |
  ICD9          = {{ICD9|120}} |
  ICDO          = |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = |
    MeshID        = D012552 |
}}
{{Schistosomiasis}}
{{Schistosomiasis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADG}} {{JH}}.


'''For patient information, click [[Schistosomiasis (patient information)|here]]'''


{{SK}} Bilharzia; Bilharziasis, Bilharziosis; Katayama fever, Blood fluke infection
==[[Schistosomiasis overview|Overview]]==


==[[Schistosomiasis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


==[[Schistosomiasis classification|Classification]]==


==[[Schistosomiasis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


==[[Schistosomiasis causes|Causes]]==


==Prevention through good design==
==[[Schistosomiasis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Schistosomiasis from other Diseases]]==


The main focus of prevention is eliminating the water-borne snails which are [[natural reservoir]]s for the disease. This is usually done by identifying bodies of water, such as lakes, ponds, etc., which are infested, forbidding or warning against swimming and adding niclosamide, [[acrolein]], [[copper sulfate]], etc., to the water in order to kill the snails.
==[[Schistosomiasis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


Unfortunately for many years from the 1950s onwards, despite the efforts of some clinicians to get civil engineers to take it into account in their designs, civil engineeers built vast dam and irrigation schemes,  oblivious of the fact that they would cause a massive rise in water-borne infections from schistosomiasis, even though with a little care the schemes could have been designed to minimise such effects, the detailed specifications having been laid out in various UN documents since the 1950s.  Irrigation schemes can be designed to make it hard for the snails to colonise the water, and to reduce the contact with the local population. 
==[[Schistosomiasis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
<ref>Charnock, Anne (1980) Taking Bilharziasis out of the irrigation equation. New Civil Engineer, 7 August. 1980 Bilharzia caused by poor civil engineering design due to ignorance of cause and prevention</ref>


Failure for engineers to take this into account is an interesting example of the Relevance Paradox and is a good example of the failure of formal education and information systems to transmit tacit knowledge.
==[[Schistosomiasis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


==Prevention and hygiene==
==Diagnosis==
Prevention is best accomplished by eliminating the water-dwelling snails which are the [[natural reservoir]] of the disease.  [[Acrolein]], [[copper sulfate]], and niclosamide can be used for this purpose. Recent studies have suggested that snail populations can be controlled by the introduction or augmentation of existing crayfish populations; as with all ecological interventions, however, this technique must be approached with caution.


Individuals can guard against schistosomiasis infection by avoiding bodies of water known or likely to harbor the carrier snails.
[[Schistosomiasis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Schistosomiasis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Schistosomiasis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Schistosomiasis other imaging findings|Imaging Findings]] | [[Schistosomiasis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


In 1989, Aklilu Lemma and Legesse Wolde-Yohannes received the Right Livelihood Award for their research on the sapindus-Plant (''Phytolacca dodecandra''), as a preventative measure for the disease.
==Treatment==


== Histopathology: Rectum, Schistosomiasis==
[[Schistosomiasis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Schistosomiasis prevention|Prevention]] | [[Schistosomiasis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Schistosomiasis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


{{#ev:youtube|9VpqxnPRvL8}}
==Case Studies==
[[Schistosomiasis case study one|Case #1]]


== See also ==
== Related Chapters==
* [[Tropical disease]]
* [[Tropical disease]]
* [[Schistosoma]]
* [[Swimmer's itch]]


==References==
<references/>
* [[Center for Disease Control]], ''[http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Schistosomiasis.htm Schistosomiasis]''. (2004)
==External links==
* [http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/en/ World Health Organization Partners for Parasite Control website]
* [http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/documents/fact_sheets/schistosomiasis/en/ World Health Organization fact sheet on the disease]
* [http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/labnotes5/animation_popups/schisto.html Wellcome animation of the life cycle of the parasite]
* [http://www.schisto.org Schistosomiasis Control Initiative]
* [http://www.eu-contrast.eu CONTRAST, a research project on optimized schistosomiasis control in Sub-saharan Africa]
* [http://www.who.int/tdr/ World Health Organization Tropical Disease Research programme]
* [http://www.path.cam.ac.uk/~schisto Cambridge University Schistosomiasis Research Group]
* [http://www.york.ac.uk/res/schisto/ York University Schistosomiasis Research Group]
* [http://www.cartercenter.org/healthprograms/program4.htm Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Control and Prevention: The Carter Center Schistosomiasis Control Program]
* [http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/schistosomiasis.html Links to Schistosomiasis pictures (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)]
* [http://bioinfo.cpqrr.fiocruz.br FIOCRUZ - Schistomiasis Research Group]
* [http://www.ucsf.edu/mckerrow/slide.html Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco]
* [http://www.neighbourhoodnews.com.au/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=1&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=3948&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1175&hn=neighbourhoodnews&he=.com.au Vacine developed in Queensland, Australia]
*[http://www.dblnet.dk DBL - Centre for Health Research and Development]
*10. Charnock, Anne (1980) Taking Bilharziasis out of the irrigation equation. New Civil Engineer, 7 August. Bilharzia caused by poor civil engineering design due to ignorance of cause and prevention.
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[[Category:Disease]]
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[[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
[[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
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[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Neglected diseases]]
[[Category:Neglected diseases]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 


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Latest revision as of 07:21, 21 October 2020

Schistosomiasis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2] Jesus Rosario Hernandez, M.D. [3].

For patient information, click here

Synonyms and keywords: Bilharzia; Bilharziasis, Bilharziosis; Katayama fever, Blood fluke infection

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Schistosomiasis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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