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| {{Infobox_Disease |
| | '''For patient information, click [[Chikungunya (patient information)|here]].''' |
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| DiseasesDB = 32213 |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|92|0|a|90}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|065.4}}, {{ICD9|066.3}} |
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| OMIM = |
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| MeshID = D018354 |
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| {{Taxobox | color=violet| name = ''Chikungunya virus''
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| | virus_group = iv
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| | familia = ''[[Togaviridae]]''
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| | genus = ''[[Alphavirus]]'' | |
| | species = '''''Chikungunya virus'''''
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| {{Chikungunya}} | | {{Chikungunya}} |
| {{CMG}}
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| ==Etymology==
| | {{About1|Chikungunya virus}} |
| The name is derived from the [[Makonde]] word meaning "that which bends up" in reference to the stooped [[posture]] developed as a result of the [[arthritis|arthritic]] symptoms of the disease. The disease was first described by [[Marion Robinson]]<ref name=Robinson_1955>{{cite journal | author=Robinson Marion | title=An Epidemic of Virus Disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in [[1952]]-53; I. Clinical Features | journal=Trans Royal Society Trop Med Hyg | year=1955 | pages=28-32 | volume=49 | issue=1 }}</ref> and [[W.H.R. Lumsden]]<ref name=Lumsden_1955>{{cite journal | author=Lumsden WHR | title=An Epidemic of Virus Disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53; II. General Description and Epidemiology | journal=Trans Royal Society Trop Med Hyg | year=[[1955]] | pages=33-57 | volume=49 | issue=1 }}</ref> in [[1955]], following an outbreak on the [[Makonde Plateau]], along the border between [[Tanganyika]] and [[Mozambique]], in [[1952]]. Chikungunya is closely related to [[O'nyong'nyong virus]]<ref name=Vanlandingham_2005>{{cite journal | author=Vanlandingham DL, Hong C, Klingler K, Tsetsarkin K, McElroy KL, Powers AM, Lehane MJ, Higgs S | title=Differential infectivities of o'nyong-nyong and chikungunya virus isolates in Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year=[[2005]] | pages=616-21 | volume=72 | issue=5 | id={{PMID|15891138}} }}</ref>.
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AL}} |
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| ===Linguistic confusion===
| | {{SK}} Chicken guinea; chicken gunaya; chickengunya; Chikungunya fever |
| According to Lumsden's initial [[1955]] report about the [[epidemiology]] of the disease, the term chikungunya is derived from the [[Makonde]] root verb kungunyala, meaning to dry up or become contorted. In concurrent research, Robinson [[Gloss (transliteration)|glossed]] the [[Makonde]] term more specifically as "that which bends up." Subsequent authors apparently overlooked the references to the [[Makonde]] language and assumed that the term derived from [[Swahili]], the [[lingua franca]] of the region. The erroneous attribution of the term as a Swahili word has been repeated in numerous print sources. Many other erroneous spellings and forms of the term are in common use including "Chicken guinea", "Chicken gunaya," and "Chickengunya".
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| ==Impact== | | ==[[Chikungunya overview|Overview]]== |
| Chikungunya is generally not fatal. However, in [[2005]]-[[2006]], 200 deaths were associated with chikungunya on [[Réunion]] island and a widespread outbreak in [[India]], primarily in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. After flood and heavy rains in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] in August 2006, thousands of cases were detected in [[Rajsamand]], [[Bhilwara]], [[Udaipur]], and [[Chittorgarh]] districts and also in adjoining regions of [[Gujarat]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], and in the neighbouring country of [[Sri Lanka]]. In the southern Indian state of Kerala, 125 deaths were attributed to Chikungunya with the majority of the casualties reported in the district of [[Alapuzha]], primarily in [[Cherthala]]. In December 2006, an outbreak of 3,500 confirmed cases occurred in [[Maldives]], and over 60,000 cases in Sri Lanka, with over 80 deaths. [http://www.haveeru.com.mv/?page=engdetails&id=13333]. In October 2006 more than a dozen cases of Chikungunya were reported in [[Pakistan]]. A recent outbreak of the disease during June 2007 in [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kottayam]] and [[Alappuzha]] districts of South Kerala, India claimed more than 50 lives. It is confirmed officially that there are 7000 confirmed Chikungunya patients in these areas. Unofficial reports suggest that more than one hundred thousand are suffering from symptoms of chikungunya.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. The European Network for Diagnostics of "Imported" Viral Diseases [http://www.enivd.de/index.htm] claims that new phylogenetic variants of the virus which are fatal have been identified on Réunion. [http://www.enivd.de/index.htm]. In August/September 2007 some 160 people were infected in Italy's northern [[Ravenna]] region, resulting in one fatality.
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| __NOTOC__
| | ==[[Chikungunya historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| {{Chikungunya}}
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| {{CMG}}
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Chikungunya pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
| | ==[[Chikungunya causes|Causes]]== |
| [[Category:Disease]] | |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| __NOTOC__
| | ==[[Chikungunya differential diagnosis|Differentiating Chikungunya from other Diseases]]== |
| {{Chikungunya}}
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| {{CMG}}
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Chikungunya epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| ==Medical Therapy==
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| There is no specific treatment for Chikungunya. [[Vaccine]] trials were carried out in 2000, but funding for the project was discontinued and there is no vaccine currently available. A [[serology|serological]] test for Chikungunya is available from the [[University of Malaya]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]].
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| [[Chloroquine]] is gaining ground as a possible treatment for the symptoms associated with Chikungunya and as an antiviral agent to combat the Chikungunya virus. According to the [[University of Malaya]], "In unresolved [[arthritis]] refractory to [[aspirin]] and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, [[chloroquine]] phosphate (250 mg/day) has given promising results." [http://www.vadscorner.com/alphaviruses.html] Research by Italian scientist, [[Andrea Savarino]], and his colleagues in addition a French government press release in March 2006 [http://agmed.sante.gouv.fr/pdf/10/chicungu.pdf] have added more credence to the claim that [[chloroquine]] may be effective in treating Chikungunya. The CDC fact sheet on Chikungunya advises against using Aspirin. Ibuprofen, Naproxen and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are recommended for arthritic pain and fever. | | ==[[Chikungunya risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| Infected persons should limit further exposure to mosquito bites, stay indoors and under a mosquito net. Further, "supportive care with rest is preferred during the acute [[joint]] symptoms. Movement and mild exercise tend to improve stiffness and morning [[arthralgia]], but heavy exercise may exacerbate [[rheumatism|rheumatic]] symptoms." [http://www.vadscorner.com/alphaviruses.html]
| | ==[[Chikungunya natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| Arthralgia remains troublesome even after 8 months.
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| In Andhra Pradesh patients use donkey milk as medicine.In Kerala patients have relief by honey/lime mix.Some people get relief by having turmeric in low volume.
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| Homoeopathy claims to have successful treatment for chikungunya. As they treat on symptomatology and not the diagnosis, they claim to have many medicines successful for prevention and cure of chikungunya.
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| ==References== | | ==Diagnosis== |
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| {{Reflist|2}}
| | [[Chikungunya history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Chikungunya physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Chikungunya laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Chikungunya other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| [[Category:Disease]] | |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]] | |
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| ==Epidemiology== | | ==Treatment== |
| Chikungunya was first described in [[Tanzania]], Africa in [[1952]]. The first [[outbreak]] in [[India]] was in [[1963]] in Kolkata([[Calcutta]]).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/chikungunya-history.htm|title= Chikungunya-History|accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref> An outbreak of chikungunya was also discovered in [[Port Klang]] in [[Malaysia]] in [[1999]] affecting 27 people [http://www.prn2.usm.my/mainsite/headline/health/jan99.html] [http://123starweb.googlepages.com/index.htm]. There was an outbreak in [[Italy]] late 2007, with 160 cases.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6981476.stm BBC: ''Mosquito virus arrives in Europe'', 6 September 2007]</ref>
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| ==Preventive measures==
| | [[Chikungunya medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Chikungunya primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Chikungunya future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| The most effective means of prevention are those that protect against any contact with the disease-carrying mosquitos. These include using insect repellent containing [[NNDB]], [[DEET]] or [[permethrin]], wearing long sleeves and trousers (pants), and securing screens on windows and doors. It's also important to empty stagnant water where mosquitoes breed. [http://www.biojournals.com/effected%20areas%20in%20india%20by%20chickun%20guniya.html].
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| ==See also== | | ==Case Studies== |
| *[[Dengue fever]]
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| ==Notes==
| | [[Chikungunya case study one|Case #1]] |
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| <references/>
| | ==Related Chapters== |
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| ==External links==
| | * [[Arbovirus]] |
| | * [[Dengue fever]] |
| | * [[Togaviridae]] |
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| ===General information=== | | ==External Links== |
| *[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/Chikungunya/resources/Final%20Chikungunya%20Fever%20Fact%20Sheet_final.doc CDC factsheet on Chikungunya]
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| *[http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/Health_topics/Chikungunya_Fever/Disease_facts.html ECDC Chikungunya fact-sheet]
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| *[http://www.sgm.ac.uk/jgvdirect/82858/82858ft.pdf CDC Review of Chikungunya Virus as published in the September 2007 volume of The Journal of General Virology.]
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| *[http://www.vadscorner.com/alphaviruses.html Alphaviruses]
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| *[http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/ WHO site on disease outbreak news]
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| *[http://www.biojournals.com/Chikungunya.html Chikungunya Research] and [http://www.biojournals.com/Chikun%20Guniya.html Chikun guniya] - latest publications.
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| *[http://research.yale.edu/swahili/learn/?q=en/chikungunya_makonde Chikungunya is not Swahili (Internet Living Swahili Dictionary)]
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| *[http://www.globalpulse.net/archives/diseases/chikungunya_inf_1_000156.php Chikungunya and Pregnancy]
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| *[http://themauritiancommunity.com/showthread.php?t=12 Chikungunya and how to handle it (Mauritius)]
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| *[http://www.ecdc.eu.int/outbreaks/Chikungunya_reunion.php European Center for Disease Prevention and Control: Chikungunya Info for Travellers]
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| *[http://www.globalpulse.net/archives/diseases/indian_politici_000434.php Chikungunya Infection in India and Vector Control]
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| *[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1463904 Genome Microevolution of Chikungunya Viruses Causing the [[Indian Ocean]] Outbreak, NIH, July 2006.]
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| *[http://www.siddhaphysician.com/Chikungunya-Chicken-Guinea.html Chikungunya Siddha Treatment]
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| *[http://vital.net.in/pdf/articl_chik_deepu.pdf Realities of Chikungunya in Kerala]
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| ===News reports===
| | *[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs327/en/ Chikungunya] |
| *[http://lionel.suz.free.fr/index.php?id=run&sub=chikungunya Chikungunya fever epidemic in Reunion Island (FR)] | |
| *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4751890.stm French pledge for disease island (BBC article)]
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| *[http://www.natureseychelles.org/ Articles on Chikungunya in Seychelles]
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| *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4777530.stm Madagascar hit by mosquito virus (BBC article)]
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| *[http://www.medindia.net/news/view_news_main.asp?x=12141 Medindia.net]
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| *[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/04gunia.htm]
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| *[http://www.biojournals.com/chicken%20gunya.html]
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| *[http://enivd.de/VHFDISEASES/chiku_cadef_dat.htm European network for diagnosis of imported viral diseases]
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| {{Viral diseases}} | | {{Viral diseases}} |
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| [[Category:Viral diseases]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
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| [[Category:Togaviruses]] | | [[Category:Togaviruses]] |
| [[Category:Tropical disease]] | | [[Category:Tropical disease]] |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]] | | [[Category:Viral diseases]] |
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| [[cs:Chikungunya]]
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| [[de:Chikungunya-Fieber]]
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| [[dv:ޗިކުންގުންޔާ]]
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| [[es:Chikungunya]]
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| [[eo:Ĉikungunjo]]
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| [[fr:Chikungunya]]
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| [[io:Chikungunya]]
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| [[id:Chikungunya]]
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| [[ml:ചിക്കുന്ഗുനിയ]]
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| [[ms:Demam Chikungunya]]
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| [[nl:Chikungunya-virus]]
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| [[ja:チクングンヤ熱]]
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| [[pl:Chikungunya]]
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| [[si:චිකුන්ගුන්යා]]
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| [[sv:Chikungunya]]
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| [[ta:சிக்குன்குனியா]]
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| [[te:చికన్గన్యా]]
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| [[vi:Bệnh Chikungunya]]
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| [[zh:契昆根亞熱]]
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