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==Overview==
==Overview==
The [[hepatitis D virus]] was first reported in mid-1977 by an italian researcher, Mario Rizzetto.<ref>Manuale di Gastroenterologia Unigastro pag. 260 </ref>  It was first detected in patients with severe [[liver disease]], from [[chronic hepatitis B]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rizzetto|first=M|coauthors=Canese MG, Arico S, Criello O, Trepo C, Bonino F, Verme G|title=Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers|journal=Gut|year=1997|volume=18|issue=12|pages=997–1003|pmid=75123|pmc=1411847|doi=10.1136/gut.18.12.997}}</ref>
==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Hepatitis D virus was first reported in the mid-1977, by an italian researcher, Mario Rizzetto, <ref>Manuale di Gastroenterologia Unigastro pag. 260 </ref> as a nuclear antigen in patients infected with HBV who had severe liver disease <ref>{{cite journal|last=Rizzetto|first=M|coauthors=Canese MG, Arico S, Criello O, Trepo C, Bonino F, Verme G|title=Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers|journal=Gut|year=1997|volume=18|issue=12|pages=997–1003|pmid=75123|pmc=1411847|doi=10.1136/gut.18.12.997}}</ref> This nuclear antigen was then thought to be a hepatitis B antigen and was called the delta antigen. Subsequent experiments in chimpanzees showed that the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) was a structural part of a pathogen that required HBV infection to replicate<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rizzetto|first=M|coauthors=Canese, MG, Purcell, RH, London, WT, Sly, LD, Gerin, JL|title=Experimental HBV and delta infections of chimpanzees: occurrence and significance of intrahepatic immune complexes of HBcAg and delta antigen|journal=Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)|date=1981 Nov-Dec|year=1981|volume=1|issue=6|pages=567–74|pmid=7030907|doi=10.1002/hep.1840010602}}</ref> The entire virus was cloned and sequenced in 1986, and obtained its own genus deltavirus <ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=KS|coauthors=Choo, QL, Weiner, AJ, Ou, JH, Najarian, RC, Thayer, RM, Mullenbach, GT, Denniston, KJ, Gerin, JL, Houghton, M|title=Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta (delta) viral genome|journal=Nature|date=1986 Oct 9-15|year=1986|volume=323|issue=6088|pages=508–14|pmid=3762705|doi=10.1038/323508a0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Fauquet|first=CM|coauthors=Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA|title=Deltavirus|journal=Eight Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. London|year=2005|pages=735–8}}</ref>
In 1977, a previously unrecognized [[nuclear]] [[antigen]] was detected in [[hepatocytes]] of patients with [[chronic hepatitis B]], especially in those with severe [[liver disease]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rizzetto|first=M|coauthors=Canese MG, Arico S, Criello O, Trepo C, Bonino F, Verme G|title=Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers|journal=Gut|year=1997|volume=18|issue=12|pages=997–1003|pmid=75123|pmc=1411847|doi=10.1136/gut.18.12.997}}</ref> The [[antigen]] resembled hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in its subcellular localization.  Its presence was always associated with [[hepatitis B virus]] (HBV) infection, but it rarely coexisted with HBcAg.<ref name="RizzettoCanese1977">{{cite journal|last1=Rizzetto|first1=M|last2=Canese|first2=M G|last3=Arico|first3=S|last4=Crivelli|first4=O|last5=Trepo|first5=C|last6=Bonino|first6=F|last7=Verme|first7=G|title=Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers.|journal=Gut|volume=18|issue=12|year=1977|pages=997–1003|issn=0017-5749|doi=10.1136/gut.18.12.997}}</ref><ref name="pmid1548764">{{cite journal| author=Ryu WS, Bayer M, Taylor J| title=Assembly of hepatitis delta virus particles. | journal=J Virol | year= 1992 | volume= 66 | issue= 4 | pages= 2310-5 | pmid=1548764 | doi= | pmc=PMC289026 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1548764  }} </ref> 
 
Subsequent experiments in chimpanzees showed that the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) was a structural part of a pathogen that required HBV infection to replicate<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rizzetto|first=M|coauthors=Canese, MG, Purcell, RH, London, WT, Sly, LD, Gerin, JL|title=Experimental HBV and delta infections of chimpanzees: occurrence and significance of intrahepatic immune complexes of HBcAg and delta antigen|journal=Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)|date=1981 Nov-Dec|year=1981|volume=1|issue=6|pages=567–74|pmid=7030907|doi=10.1002/hep.1840010602}}</ref> It was termed "delta antigen".
 
The entire virus was cloned and sequenced in 1986, and obtained its own [[genus]] [[deltavirus]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=KS|coauthors=Choo, QL, Weiner, AJ, Ou, JH, Najarian, RC, Thayer, RM, Mullenbach, GT, Denniston, KJ, Gerin, JL, Houghton, M|title=Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta (delta) viral genome|journal=Nature|date=1986 Oct 9-15|year=1986|volume=323|issue=6088|pages=508–14|pmid=3762705|doi=10.1038/323508a0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Fauquet|first=CM|coauthors=Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA|title=Deltavirus|journal=Eight Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. London|year=2005|pages=735–8}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 22:06, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

The hepatitis D virus was first reported in mid-1977 by an italian researcher, Mario Rizzetto.[1] It was first detected in patients with severe liver disease, from chronic hepatitis B.[2]

Historical Perspective

In 1977, a previously unrecognized nuclear antigen was detected in hepatocytes of patients with chronic hepatitis B, especially in those with severe liver disease.[3] The antigen resembled hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in its subcellular localization. Its presence was always associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but it rarely coexisted with HBcAg.[4][5]

Subsequent experiments in chimpanzees showed that the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) was a structural part of a pathogen that required HBV infection to replicate[6] It was termed "delta antigen".

The entire virus was cloned and sequenced in 1986, and obtained its own genus deltavirus.[7][8]

References

  1. ↑ Manuale di Gastroenterologia Unigastro pag. 260
  2. ↑ Rizzetto, M (1997). "Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers". Gut. 18 (12): 997–1003. doi:10.1136/gut.18.12.997. PMC 1411847. PMID 75123. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Rizzetto, M (1997). "Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers". Gut. 18 (12): 997–1003. doi:10.1136/gut.18.12.997. PMC 1411847. PMID 75123. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Rizzetto, M; Canese, M G; Arico, S; Crivelli, O; Trepo, C; Bonino, F; Verme, G (1977). "Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers". Gut. 18 (12): 997–1003. doi:10.1136/gut.18.12.997. ISSN 0017-5749.
  5. ↑ Ryu WS, Bayer M, Taylor J (1992). "Assembly of hepatitis delta virus particles". J Virol. 66 (4): 2310–5. PMC 289026. PMID 1548764.
  6. ↑ Rizzetto, M (1981 Nov-Dec). "Experimental HBV and delta infections of chimpanzees: occurrence and significance of intrahepatic immune complexes of HBcAg and delta antigen". Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1 (6): 567–74. doi:10.1002/hep.1840010602. PMID 7030907. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ↑ Wang, KS (1986 Oct 9-15). "Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta (delta) viral genome". Nature. 323 (6088): 508–14. doi:10.1038/323508a0. PMID 3762705. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ↑ Fauquet, CM (2005). "Deltavirus". Eight Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. London: 735–8. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)

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