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| __NOTOC__
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| {{Mitral stenosis}}
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| {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{RT}}
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| ==Overview==
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| [[Mitral stenosis]] is a valvular disease characterized by a narrowing in the heart valve between the two left chambers of the heart ([[left atrium]] and [[left ventricle]]).
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| * Commisural fusion is the hallmark anatomic finding in mitral stenosis.
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| * The narrowing in the [[mitral valve]] causes build up of pressures in the left atrium, and eventually in the pulmonary bed.
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| * The build up of pressures in the pulmonary bed leads to [[pulmonary hypertension]] which results in [[right heart failure]].
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| * The left ventricle is unaffected in pure mitral stenosis.
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| ==Causes==
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| The cause of [[mitral stenosis]] is almost always [[rheumatic heart disease]].
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| ==Differentiating Mitral stenosis from other Diseases==
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| Mitral stenosis should be differentiated from:
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| * [[Cor triatriatum]]
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| * [[Atrial myxoma]]
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| * Pulmonary vein obstruction
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| ==Natural History and Complications==
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| ===Natural History===
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| Mitral stenosis is intermittently progressive and has a prolonged clinical course before becoming severe.
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| ===Complications===
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| Complications occur in the late stages of mitral stenosis. They include:
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| * [[Atrial fibrillation]]
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| * [[Pulmonary hypertension]]
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| * [[Right heart failure]]
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| * [[Stroke]] - due to thrombus formation in the [[left atrium]]
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| ==Diagnosis==
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| ===Symptoms===
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| Symptoms of mitral stenosis occur late in the course of the disease as the disease progresses slowly over decades. Common symptoms include:
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| * [[Dyspnea]]
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| * [[Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea]]
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| * [[Orthopnea]]
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| * [[Hemoptysis]]
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| * [[Palpitations]]
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| * [[Emboli]]
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| ===Physical Examination===
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| * A high pitched additional sound called opening snap may be heard after the A<sub>2</sub> component of S<sub>2</sub> and it signifies the closure of the mitral valve.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Valvular heart disease]]
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| [[Category:Cardiology]]
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| [[Category:Cardiac surgery]]
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| [[Category:Surgery]]
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| [[Category:Overview complete]]
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| [[Category:For review]]
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| [[Category:Template complete]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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