Hyperlipoproteinemia physical examination: Difference between revisions

	Lipoprotein Disorders Microchapters
Patient Information
Overview
Causes
Classification Hyperlipoproteinemia Hypolipoproteinemia
Treatment

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Latest revision as of 22:15, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hardik Patel, M.D.

Overview

Hyperlipidemias, particularly familial hypercholesterolemia and familial defective apoB-100, are commonly associated with the findings of xanthoma, xanthelasma and corneal arcus on physical examination.

Physical Examination

Skin

Xanthoma—Due to deposition of cholesterol in the skin and the tendons, patients with familial hypercholesterolemia or familial defective apoB-100 may have several types of xanthomas, which include:
- Planar xanthomas (on hands, elbows, buttocks, or knees), which are diagnostic for the homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and are distinct from other cutaneous xanthomas because of their yellow-to-orange coloration.
- Tuberous xanthomas (on hands, elbows, or knees)
- Tendon xanthomas (on extensor tendons of hands or Achilles tendon), which can be detected by careful palpation rather than simple inspection, which reveals diffusely thickened tendon or discreet irregularities along the tendon.

Patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia may have cutaneous xanthomas at birth or by early childhood and other types of xanthomas are usually obvious in the first decade of life, whereas patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia may develop xanthomas in the third decade of life and later.

Eyes

Xanthelasma—Xanthelasmas occur due to deposition of cholesterol in the eyelids, which may also be present in older patients with normal cholesterol levels.

Corneal arcus—Corneal arcus occurs due to deposition of cholesterol in the cornea, which may also be occasionally present in older adults with normal cholesterol levels. In children, it is suggestive of familial hypercholesterolemia.

Copyleft image obtained courtesy of Wikipedia; Loren A Zech Jr and Jeffery M Hoeg.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Hyperlipidemia}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HP}}
 ==Overview==
-Hyperlipidemia is commonly associated with the findings of [[xanthoma]], [[xanthelasma]] and corneal arcus on physical examination.
+Hyperlipidemias, particularly familial hypercholesterolemia and familial defective apoB-100, are commonly associated with the findings of [[xanthoma]], [[xanthelasma]] and corneal arcus on physical examination.
 ==Physical Examination==
-*[[Xanthomas]]
+=== Skin ===
-[[Image:xanthoma.jpg|left|200px]]
-Due to deposition of cholesterol in the skin and the tendons, patients with familial hypercholesterolemia or familial defective apoB-100 may have several types of xanthomas, which include:
-)Planar xanthomas (on hands, elbows, buttocks, or knees), which are diagnostic for the homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and are distinct from other cutaneous xanthomas because of their yellow-to-orange coloration.
+* [[Xanthoma]]—Due to deposition of cholesterol in the skin and the tendons, patients with familial hypercholesterolemia or familial defective apoB-100 may have several types of xanthomas, which include:
-)Tuberous xanthomas (on hands, elbows, or knees)
+** Planar xanthomas (on hands, elbows, buttocks, or knees), which are diagnostic for the homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and are distinct from other cutaneous xanthomas because of their yellow-to-orange coloration.
-)Tendon xanthomas (on extensor tendons of hands or Achilles tendon), which can be detected by careful palpation rather than simple inspection, which reveals diffusely thickened tendon or discreet irregularities along the tendon.
+** Tuberous xanthomas (on hands, elbows, or knees)
+** Tendon xanthomas (on extensor tendons of hands or Achilles tendon), which can be detected by careful palpation rather than simple inspection, which reveals diffusely thickened tendon or discreet irregularities along the tendon.
-Patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia may have cutaneous xanthomas at birth or by early childhood and other types of xanthomas are usually obvious in the first decade of life, whereas patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia may develop xanthomas in the third decade of life and later.
+*Patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia may have cutaneous xanthomas at birth or by early childhood and other types of xanthomas are usually obvious in the first decade of life, whereas patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia may develop xanthomas in the third decade of life and later.
+[[Image:xanthoma.jpg|center|200px]]
-*[[Xanthelasma]]
+=== Eyes ===
-[[Image:Xanthelasma.jpg|left|200px]]
-Xanthelasmas occur due to deposition of cholesterol in the eyelids, which may also be present in older patients with normal cholesterol levels.
-*Corneal arcus
+* [[Xanthelasma]]—Xanthelasmas occur due to deposition of cholesterol in the eyelids, which may also be present in older patients with normal cholesterol levels.
-[[Image:Four_representative_slides_of_corneal_arcus.jpg|200px]]
-Corneal arcus occurs due to deposition of cholesterol in the cornea, which may also be occasionally present in older adults with normal cholesterol levels. In children, it is suggestive of familial hypercholesterolemia.
-Copyleft image obtained courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Four_representative_slides_of_corneal_arcus.jpg#file; Loren A Zech Jr and Jeffery M Hoeg.
+[[Image:Xanthelasma.jpg|center|200px]]
+* Corneal arcus—Corneal arcus occurs due to deposition of cholesterol in the cornea, which may also be occasionally present in older adults with normal cholesterol levels. In children, it is suggestive of familial hypercholesterolemia.
+[[Image:Four representative slides of corneal arcus.jpg|center|200px]]
+''Copyleft image obtained courtesy of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Four_representative_slides_of_corneal_arcus.jpg#file Wikipedia]; Loren A Zech Jr and Jeffery M Hoeg.''
 ==References==