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| __NOTOC__
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| {{Thoracic Aortic Disease}}
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| {{CMG}}
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| ==Overview==
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| ==2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations: Evaluation and Management of Acute Thoracic Aortic Disease (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid20233780">{{cite journal| author=Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE et al.| title=2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. | journal=Circulation | year= 2010 | volume= 121 | issue= 13 | pages= e266-369 | pmid=20233780 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d4739e | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20233780 }} </ref>==
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| ===Recommendations for Initial Management===
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| | colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
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| | bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Initial management of thoracic [[aortic dissection]] should be directed at decreasing aortic wall stress by controlling heart rate and blood pressure as follows:<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| | bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''a.''' In the absence of contraindications, intravenous beta blockade should be initiated and titrated to a target heart rate of 60 beats per minute or less. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| | bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''b.''' In patients with clear contraindications to beta blockade, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocking agents should be used as an alternative for rate control. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| | bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''c.''' If systolic blood pressures remain greater than 120 mm Hg after adequate heart rate control has been obtained, then [[angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor]]s and/or other [[vasodilator]]s should be administered intravenously to further reduce blood pressure that maintains adequate end-organ perfusion. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| | bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''d.''' [[Beta blocker]]s should be used cautiously in the setting of [[acute aortic regurgitation]] because they will block the compensatory [[tachycardia]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| |colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (Harm)
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| |bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Vasodilator therapy should not be initiated prior to rate control so as to avoid associated reflex tachycardia that may increase aortic wall stress, leading to propagation or expansion of a thoracic [[aortic dissection]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| ===Recommendations for Definitive Management===
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| | colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
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| | bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.'''Acute thoracic aortic dissection involving the descending aorta should be managed medically unless life-threatening complications develop (eg, malperfusion syndrome, progression of dissection, enlarging aneurysm, inability to control blood pressure or symptoms). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| ==2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations: General Medical Treatment and Risk Factor Management (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid20233780">{{cite journal| author=Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE et al.| title=2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. | journal=Circulation | year= 2010 | volume= 121 | issue= 13 | pages= e266-369 | pmid=20233780 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d4739e | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20233780 }} </ref>==
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| ===Recommendation for Medical Treatment of Patients with Thoracic Aortic Diseases===
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| | colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
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| | bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Stringent control of hypertension, lipid profile optimization, smoking cessation, and other atherosclerosis risk-reduction measures should be instituted for patients with small aneurysms not requiring surgery, as well as for patients who are not considered to be surgical or stent graft candidates. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| ==2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations: Inflammatory Diseases Associated with Thoracic Aortic Disease (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid20233780">{{cite journal| author=Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE et al.| title=2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. | journal=Circulation | year= 2010 | volume= 121 | issue= 13 | pages= e266-369 | pmid=20233780 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d4739e | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20233780 }} </ref>==
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| ===Recommendations for Takayasu Arteritis and Giant Cell Arteritis===
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| | colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
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| | bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Initial therapy for active [[Takayasu arteritis]] and active [[giant cell arteritis]] should be [[corticosteroid]]s at a high dose ([[prednisone]] 40 to 60 mg daily at initiation or its equivalent) to reduce the active inflammatory state. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| | bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' The success of treatment of patients with Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis should be periodically evaluated to determine disease activity by repeated physical examination and either an [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] or [[C-reactive protein]] level. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| | bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Elective [[revascularization]] of patients with [[Takayasu arteritis]] and [[giant cell arteritis]] should be delayed until the acute inflammatory state is treated and quiescent. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| | colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
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| |bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' It is reasonable to treat patients with [[Takayasu arteritis]] receiving [[corticosteroid]]s with an additionalanti-inflammatory agent if there is evidence of progression of vascular disease, recurrence of constitutional symptoms, or re-elevation of inflammatory marker. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]]) '' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| ==2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations: Aortic Arch and Thoracic Aortic Atheroma and Atheroembolic Disease. (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid20233780">{{cite journal| author=Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE et al.| title=2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. | journal=Circulation | year= 2010 | volume= 121 | issue= 13 | pages= e266-369 | pmid=20233780 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d4739e | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20233780 }} </ref>==
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| ===Recommendations for Aortic Arch and Thoracic Aortic Atheroma and Atheroembolic Disease===
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| | colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
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| |bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Treatment with a [[statin]] is a reasonable option for patients with aortic arch atheroma to reduce the risk of [[stroke]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| | colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
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| |bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Oral anticoagulation therapy with [[warfarin]] (INR 2.0 to 3.0) or antiplatelet therapy may be considered in stroke patients with aortic arch [[atheroma]] 4.0 mm or greater to prevent recurrent stroke. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Needs content]]
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| [[Category:Cardiology]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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