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==Fundamentals of EKG==
==Fundamentals of EKG==
===Basic Principles of Interpretation of an EKG===
===Basic Principles of Interpretation of an EKG===
*[[Introduction to ECG]]
*[[Introduction to ECG|Introduction to EKG]]
*[[How to Read an ECG]]
*[[How to Read an ECG|How to read an EKG]]
*[[Normal sinus rhythm]]
*[[Normal sinus rhythm]]
*[[QRS axis and voltage]]
*[[QRS axis and voltage]]
*[[Electrocardiography|Overall Overview on Electrocardiography]]
*[[Electrocardiography|Overall overview on electrocardiography]]


===EKG Complexes===
===EKG Complexes===
*[[P wave]]
*[[P wave]]
*[[QRS complex]]
*[[QRS complex]]
*[[QRS complex alternans]]
*[[Low QRS voltage]]
*[[ST segment]]
*[[ST segment]]
*[[T wave]]
*[[T wave]]


===EKG Intervals===
===EKG Intervals===
*[[PR Interval|The PR Interval]]
*[[PR Interval|PR interval]]
*[[QRS Interval|The QRS Interval]]
*[[QRS Interval|QRS interval]]
*[[QT Interval|The QT Interval]]
*[[QT Interval|QT interval]]
*[[ST interval|ST interval]]


===Abnormal Findings in EKG===
===Abnormal Findings on the EKG===
*[[Delta wave]]
*[[H wave]]
*[[K wave]]
*[[Low QRS voltage]]
*[[Nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave changes]]
*[[NSSTW changes]]
*[[Osborn wave]]
*[[P wave alternans]]
*[[P wave alternans]]
*[[Retrograde P wave]]
*[[Poor R wave progression]]
*[[PR interval alternans]]
*[[PR interval alternans]]
*[[QRS complex alternans]]
*[[QRS complex alternans]]
*[[Low QRS voltage]]
*[[QT prolongation]]  
*[[Poor R wave progression]]
*[[Retrograde P wave]]
* [[Sine wave pattern]]
*[[T wave alternans]]
*[[T wave alternans]]
*[[Nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave changes]]
*[[T wave inversion]]
*[[T wave inversion]]
*[[QT prolongation]] 
*[[Tombstone ST elevation]]
*[[Tombstone ST elevation]]
*[[U wave]]
*[[U wave]]
*[[Osborn wave]]
 
*[[H wave]]
*[[K wave]]
*[[Delta wave]]
*[[NSSTW changes]]
==Conduction System==
==Conduction System==
*[[Cardiac pacemaker]]
*[[Cardiac pacemaker]]
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*[[Bundle of His]]
*[[Bundle of His]]
*[[Purkinje fibers]]
*[[Purkinje fibers]]
==EKG Abnormalities in Disease States==
 
===Tachyarrhythmias===
==Tachyarrhythmias==
==== Atrial Arrhythmias ====
=== Atrial Arrhythmias ===
*[[Sinus Tachycardia]]
*[[Atrial fibrillation electrocardiogram|Atrial fibrillation]]
*[[Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)]]
*[[Atrial flutter electrocardiogram|Atrial flutter]]
*[[Ectopic Atrial Rhythm]]
*[[Ectopic Atrial Rhythm|Ectopic atrial rhythm]]
*[[Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT)]]
*[[Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)|Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)]]
*[[Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block]]
*[[Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block|Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) with block]]
*[[Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)]]
*[[Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)|Premature atrial contractions (PAC)]]
*[[Atrial flutter|Atrial Flutter]]
*[[Sinus Tachycardia|Sinus tachycardia]]
*[[Atrial fibrillation|Atrial Fibrillation]]
*[[Supraventricular tachycardia electrocardiogram|Supraventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Wandering atrial pacemaker]]
*[[Wandering atrial pacemaker]]
==== Ventricular Arrhythmias ====
 
*[[Ventricular tachycardia]]
=== Ventricular Arrhythmias ===
*[[Ventricular fibrillation]]
*[[Accelerated idioventricular rhythm electrocardiogram|Accelerated idioventricular rhythm]]
*[[Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia with a Wide QRS Complex]]
*[[Ventricular fibrillation electrocardiogram|Ventricular fibrillation]]
*[[Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm]]
*[[Ventricular Parasystole|Ventricular parasystole]]
*[[Ventricular Parasystole]]
*[[Ventricular tachycardia electrocardiogram|Ventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Ventricular Tachycardia Including Torsades De Pointes and Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia|Premature Ventricular Contractions]]
*[[Wide complex tachycardias]]
*[[Ventricular Tachycardia Including Torsades De Pointes and Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia]]
 
*[[ Sudden cardiac death]]
==Bradycardia and Conduction Abnormalities==
===Bradycardia and Conduction Abnormalities===
*[[Sinus bradycardia]]
*[[Sinus bradycardia]]
*[[First Degree AV Block]]
*[[First Degree AV Block|First degree AV block]]
*[[Second Degree AV Block]]
*[[Second Degree AV Block|Second degree AV block]]
*[[Complete or Third-Degree AV Block]]
*[[Complete or Third-Degree AV Block|Complete or third-degree AV block]]
*[[Concealed conduction]]
*[[Concealed conduction]]
*[[AV Junctional Rhythms]]
*[[AV Junctional Rhythms|AV junctional rhythms]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome EKG|Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Left Bundle Branch Block]]
*[[Left Bundle Branch Block|Left bundle branch block]]
**[[LAHB]]
**[[LAHB|Left anterior hemi-block]]
**[[LPHB]]
**[[Left posterior fascicular block electrocardiogram|Lefo posterior hemi-block]]
*[[Right Bundle Branch Block]]
*[[Right Bundle Branch Block|Right bundle branch block]]
*[[Trifascicular block]]
*[[Trifascicular block]]
===Diagnosis of Hypertrophy and Enlargement===
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in LVH| Electrocardiographic Findings in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Biventricular Hypertrophy]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Left Atrial Enlargement]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Atrial Enlargement]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Biatrial Enlargement]]


===Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Different Disease States===
==EKG Findings in Diseases==
*[[The EKG in the Patient with an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)]]
===Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dilatation===
*[[EKG Changes of Hypothermia]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in LVH|Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)]]
*[[EKG Abnormalities in CNS Disease]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)|Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)]]
*[[The EKG of Cardiac Transplantation]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Biventricular Hypertrophy|Biventricular hypertrophy]]
*[[The EKG in a Patient with a Pacemaker]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Left Atrial Enlargement|Left atrial enlargement]]
*[[Electrocardiography of Traumatic Heart Disease]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Atrial Enlargement|Right atrial enlargement]]
*[[Electrocardiographic Findings in Biatrial Enlargement|Biatrial enlargement]]
 
===Acute Myocardial Infarction===
*[[NSTEMI]]
*[[STEMI]]
*[[Tombstone ST elevation]]
*[[Right ventricular myocardial infarction]]
*[[Atrial infarction]]
 
===Pre-excitation Syndromes===
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Mahaim type preexcitation]]
 
===Cardiomyopathies===
*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
 
===Congenital Heart Diseases===
*[[Dextrocardia electrocardiogram|Dextrocardia]]
*[[Atrial septal defect electrocardiogram|Atrial septal defect]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect electrocardiogram|Ventricular septal defect]]
*[[Tetralogy of fallot electrocardiogram|Tetralogy of Fallot]]
*[[The heart in conjoined twins]]
*[[Congenital heart block]]
 
===Inherited Diseases===
*[[Brugada syndrome]]
 
===Other Heart Diseases===
*[[Pericarditis electrocardiogram|Pericarditis]]
*[[Myocarditis electrocardiogram|Myocarditis]]
*[[Cardiac tamponade electrocardiogram|Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Sick sinus syndrome electrocardiogram| Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[Long QT Syndrome electrocradiogram|Long QT syndrome]]
 
===EKG in Other Disease States===
*[[EKG Abnormalities in CNS Disease|CNS disease]]
*[[The EKG of Cardiac Transplantation|Cardiac transplantation]]
*[[Electrocardiography of traumatic heart disease|Trauma]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Cardiac effects of insect bites|Insect bites]]
 
==EKG Abnormalities in Electrolyte Disturbances==
*[[Hyperkalemia electrocardiogram|Hyperkalemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia electrocardiogram|Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypercalcemia electrocardiogram|Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Hypocalcemia electrocardiogram|Hypocalcemia]]
 
==EKG Abnormalities in Normal Pregnancy (Physiological Changes)==
*[[QRS axis and voltage|Left axis deviation]]
*[[QRS axis and voltage|Right axis deviation]]
*[[Q wave|Q wave in lead III]]
*[[T wave inversion]]
*[[QRS complex|Increased R/S ratio in V1 and V2]]
*[[ST interval|ST-segment depression]] (usually after anesthesia for C-section)
 
==Drug Effects on the EKG==
==Drug Effects on the EKG==
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Adenosine|Adenosine]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Amiodarone|Amiodarone]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Beta Blockers|β-blockers]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Bretylium|Bretylium]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Ca Channel Blockers|Calcium channel blockers]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Digitalis|Digitalis]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Digitalis|Digitalis]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Quinidine|Quinidine]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Procainamide|Procainamide]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Disopyramide|Disopyramide]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Disopyramide|Disopyramide]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone|Encainide]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone|Flecainide]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Lidocaine|Lidocaine]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Lidocaine|Lidocaine]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Tocainide|Tocainide and Mexiletine]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Lithium|Lithium]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Phenothiazines|Phenothiazines]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Phenytoin|Phenytoin]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Phenytoin|Phenytoin]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone|Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Procainamide|Procainamide]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Beta Blockers|β-blockers]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone|Propafenone]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Amiodarone|Amiodarone]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Quinidine|Quinidine]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Bretylium|Bretylium]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Tocainide|Tocainide]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Ca Channel Blockers|Ca Channel Blockers]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Tricyclic Antidepressants|Tricyclic antidepressants]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Adenosine|Adenosine]]
 
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Phenothiazines|Phenothiazines]]
==Technical Issues and Potential Errors in Interpretation==
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Tricyclic Antidepressants|Tricyclic Antidepressants]]
*[[ECG artifacts|EKG Artifacts]]
*[[The EKG in the Patient Treated with Lithium|Lithium]]
*[[EKG lead placement errors]]
==EKG in Electrolyte Disturbances==
*[[The EKG in a patient with a pacemaker|EKG in a patient with a pacemaker]]
*[[The EKG in Hyperkalemia]]
*[[EKG in athletes]]
*[[The EKG in Hypokalemia]]
*[[Persistent juvenile T-wave pattern]]
*[[The EKG in Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Postprandial T Wave Changes|Postprandial EKG changes]]
*[[The EKG in Hypocalcemia]]
 
==Additional Information==
==Additional Information==
*[[History of the EKG]]
*[[History of the EKG]]
 
*[[SCP-ECG]]
*[[80 Lead ECG|80 lead ECG]]


{{Electrocardiography}}
{{Electrocardiography}}

Latest revision as of 15:35, 8 February 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Assistant Editor-in-Chief: Rim Halaby

Fundamentals of EKG

Basic Principles of Interpretation of an EKG

EKG Complexes

EKG Intervals

Abnormal Findings on the EKG

Conduction System

Tachyarrhythmias

Atrial Arrhythmias

Ventricular Arrhythmias

Bradycardia and Conduction Abnormalities

EKG Findings in Diseases

Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dilatation

Acute Myocardial Infarction

Pre-excitation Syndromes

Cardiomyopathies

Congenital Heart Diseases

Inherited Diseases

Other Heart Diseases

EKG in Other Disease States

EKG Abnormalities in Electrolyte Disturbances

EKG Abnormalities in Normal Pregnancy (Physiological Changes)

Drug Effects on the EKG

Technical Issues and Potential Errors in Interpretation

Additional Information

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