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{{Generalized anxiety disorder}} | {{Generalized anxiety disorder}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{I.D.}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
Generalized anxiety disorder was first recognized as a [[symptom]] by [[Sigmund Freud]]. In 1980, 'The American Psychiatric Association' introduced GAD as a diagnosis in the [[DSM-III]]. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | |||
*In the late 19th century, [[Sigmund Freud]] recognized [[anxiety]] as:<ref name="pmid11225507">{{cite journal| author=Kessler RC, Keller MB, Wittchen HU| title=The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder. | journal=Psychiatr Clin North Am | year= 2001 | volume= 24 | issue= 1 | pages= 19-39 | pmid=11225507 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11225507 }} </ref> | |||
**A "signal of danger" | |||
**A cause of "defensive [[behavior]]" | |||
*He believed we acquire [[anxious]] feelings through [[classical conditioning]] and [[trauma]]tic experiences. | |||
*In the 19th century into the 20th century, the terms used to diagnose generalized anxiety included:<ref name="pmid28867935">{{cite journal| author=Crocq MA| title=The history of generalized anxiety disorder as a diagnostic category. | journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci | year= 2017 | volume= 19 | issue= 2 | pages= 107-116 | pmid=28867935 | doi= | pmc=5573555 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28867935 }} </ref> | |||
**“[[Pantophobia]]” | |||
**“[[Anxiety neurosis]]” | |||
***Such terms designated [[paroxysmal manifestations]] ([[panic attacks]]) as well as [[interparoxysmal phenomenology]] (the apprehensive mental state). | |||
***Generalized anxiety was considered one of the numerous symptoms of [[neurasthenia]], a vaguely defined illness. | |||
*In 1980, 'The American Psychiatric Association' introduced GAD as a diagnosis in the [[DSM-III]]. | |||
**[[Anxiety neurosis]] was split into:<ref name="pmid21285432">{{cite journal| author=Torpy JM, Burke AE, Golub RM| title=JAMA patient page. Generalized anxiety disorder. | journal=JAMA | year= 2011 | volume= 305 | issue= 5 | pages= 522 | pmid=21285432 | doi=10.1001/jama.305.5.522 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21285432 }} </ref> | |||
***GAD | |||
***[[Panic disorder]] | |||
***We maintain [[anxiety]] through [[operant conditioning]]; | |||
****When we see or encounter something associated with a previous [[trauma]]tic experience, anxious feelings resurface. | |||
***We feel temporarily relieved when we avoid situations which make us anxious. | |||
****This only increases [[anxious]] feelings the next time we are in the same position, and we will want to escape the situation again and therefore will not make any progress against the [[anxiety]]. | |||
===Development of Diagnostic Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder=== | |||
*In 1980, [[DSM-III]] portrayed GAD as:<ref name="pmid7666382">{{cite journal| author=Wittchen HU, Kessler RC, Zhao S, Abelson J| title=Reliability and clinical validity of UM-CIDI DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder. | journal=J Psychiatr Res | year= 1995 | volume= 29 | issue= 2 | pages= 95-110 | pmid=7666382 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7666382 }} </ref> | |||
**Generalized, [[persistent anxiety]] | |||
*In 1987, [[DMS-III-R]] portrayed GAD as: | |||
**Unrealistic/excessive [[anxiety ]]and worry (apprehensive expectation) about 2 or more life circumstances | |||
*In 1992, ICD-10 portrayed GAD as: | |||
**Generalized and persistent anxiety, not restricted to or even predominating in any environmental circumstances (ie, “free-floating”) | |||
*The ICD-11, beta draft, portrayed GAD as: | |||
**Marked symptoms of anxiety accompanied by either general apprehension (ie, “free-floating anxiety”) or worry focused on multiple everyday events (family, health, finances, school, or work) | |||
*In 1994, DSM-IV portrayed GAD as: | |||
**[[Excessive anxiety]] and [[worry]] (apprehensive expectation) about a number of events or activities | |||
**Difficult to control the worry | |||
*In 2013, DSM-V portrayed GAD as: | |||
**[[Excessive anxiety]] and [[worry]] (apprehensive expectation) about a number of events or activities | |||
**Difficult to control the [[worry]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 17:46, 27 August 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Irfan Dotani
Overview
Generalized anxiety disorder was first recognized as a symptom by Sigmund Freud. In 1980, 'The American Psychiatric Association' introduced GAD as a diagnosis in the DSM-III.
Historical Perspective
- In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud recognized anxiety as:[1]
- A "signal of danger"
- A cause of "defensive behavior"
- He believed we acquire anxious feelings through classical conditioning and traumatic experiences.
- In the 19th century into the 20th century, the terms used to diagnose generalized anxiety included:[2]
- “Pantophobia”
- “Anxiety neurosis”
- Such terms designated paroxysmal manifestations (panic attacks) as well as interparoxysmal phenomenology (the apprehensive mental state).
- Generalized anxiety was considered one of the numerous symptoms of neurasthenia, a vaguely defined illness.
- In 1980, 'The American Psychiatric Association' introduced GAD as a diagnosis in the DSM-III.
- Anxiety neurosis was split into:[3]
- GAD
- Panic disorder
- We maintain anxiety through operant conditioning;
- When we see or encounter something associated with a previous traumatic experience, anxious feelings resurface.
- We feel temporarily relieved when we avoid situations which make us anxious.
- Anxiety neurosis was split into:[3]
Development of Diagnostic Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- In 1980, DSM-III portrayed GAD as:[4]
- Generalized, persistent anxiety
- In 1987, DMS-III-R portrayed GAD as:
- Unrealistic/excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about 2 or more life circumstances
- In 1992, ICD-10 portrayed GAD as:
- Generalized and persistent anxiety, not restricted to or even predominating in any environmental circumstances (ie, “free-floating”)
- The ICD-11, beta draft, portrayed GAD as:
- Marked symptoms of anxiety accompanied by either general apprehension (ie, “free-floating anxiety”) or worry focused on multiple everyday events (family, health, finances, school, or work)
- In 1994, DSM-IV portrayed GAD as:
- Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about a number of events or activities
- Difficult to control the worry
- In 2013, DSM-V portrayed GAD as:
- Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about a number of events or activities
- Difficult to control the worry
References
- ↑ Kessler RC, Keller MB, Wittchen HU (2001). "The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder". Psychiatr Clin North Am. 24 (1): 19–39. PMID 11225507.
- ↑ Crocq MA (2017). "The history of generalized anxiety disorder as a diagnostic category". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 19 (2): 107–116. PMC 5573555. PMID 28867935.
- ↑ Torpy JM, Burke AE, Golub RM (2011). "JAMA patient page. Generalized anxiety disorder". JAMA. 305 (5): 522. doi:10.1001/jama.305.5.522. PMID 21285432.
- ↑ Wittchen HU, Kessler RC, Zhao S, Abelson J (1995). "Reliability and clinical validity of UM-CIDI DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder". J Psychiatr Res. 29 (2): 95–110. PMID 7666382.