African trypanosomiasis risk factors: Difference between revisions

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{{African trypanosomiasis}}
{{African trypanosomiasis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADG}}
==Overview==
Risk factors for [[African trypanosomiasis]] include residence in Central or South America, living in old houses with mud and stick wall constructions or straw roofs, [[ingestion]] of contaminated water, or receiving [[blood transfusions]] or [[organ donation]] from individuals in regions with high [[Endemic|endemicity]]. The risk of [[infection]] increases with the number of times a person is bitten by the [[Tsetse fly|tsetse fly.]] The [[neonatal]] risk is highest among those who [[Breastfeeding|breastfeed]] from [[bleeding]] or cracked nipples of [[infected]] mothers and infants who are delivered from [[seropositive]] mothers with active [[disease]].


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
===East African Trypanosomiasis===
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[African trypanosomiasis]] include:<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_ea_trypanosomiasis.htm#what http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_wa_trypanosomiasis.htm#Top</ref>
East African trypanosomiasis is usually found in woodland and savannah areas away from human habitation. Tourists, hunters, game wardens, and other persons working or visiting game parks in East and Central Africa are at greatest risk for illness.
* Living in Central or South America
 
* Residing in a house constructed before the year 2000
===West African Trypanosomiasis===
* Exposure to either wall constructions composed of mud and sticks or straw roofs
Tsetse flies can be found in Western and Central African forests, in areas of thick shrubbery and trees by rivers and waterholes. Risk of infection increases with the number of times a person is bitten by the tsetse fly. Therefore, tourists are not at great risk for contracting West African trypanosomiasis unless they are traveling and spending long periods of time in rural areas of Western and Central Africa.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_ea_trypanosomiasis.htm#what
* [[Ingestion]] of [[Contamination|contaminated]] water
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_wa_trypanosomiasis.htm#Top</ref>
* Living in a hut where [[Reduviidae|reduvid]] bugs live in the walls
 
* Poverty
In addition to the bite of the tsetse fly, the disease is contractible in the following ways:
* Receiving either a [[blood transfusion]] or an [[organ transplant]] from a person in regions with high [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemicity]]
*Mother to child infection: the trypanosome can cross the placenta and infect the fetus, causing perinatal death.
* [[Maternal]] [[seropositivity]] and exacerbation of [[infection]] during [[pregnancy]]
*Laboratories: accidental infections, for example, through the handling of blood of an infected person and organ transplantation, although this is uncommon.
* [[Bleeding]]/cracked nipples of infected mother during [[breastfeeding]]
*Blood transfusion
* [[Immunosuppression]]
In addition to the bite of the [[tsetse fly]], the [[disease]] is [[Contraction|contractible]] in the following ways:
*[[Vertical transmission]]:  
**The [[trypanosome]] can cross the [[placenta]] and infect the [[fetus]], causing [[perinatal death]]
*[[Laboratories]]:
**Accidental [[infections]] (for example, through the handling of [[blood]] of an [[infected]] person or [[organ transplantation]], although this is uncommon)
*[[Blood transfusion]]


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 20:19, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Risk factors for African trypanosomiasis include residence in Central or South America, living in old houses with mud and stick wall constructions or straw roofs, ingestion of contaminated water, or receiving blood transfusions or organ donation from individuals in regions with high endemicity. The risk of infection increases with the number of times a person is bitten by the tsetse fly. The neonatal risk is highest among those who breastfeed from bleeding or cracked nipples of infected mothers and infants who are delivered from seropositive mothers with active disease.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of African trypanosomiasis include:[1]

In addition to the bite of the tsetse fly, the disease is contractible in the following ways:

References