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{{Mycoplasma pneumonia}}
{{Mycoplasma pneumonia}}
{{CMG}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Following transmission, ''Mycoplasma'' incubation period is approximately 1 to 4 weeks. During this time, the patient remains asymptomatic. Onset of symptoms can be gradual and subacute. If left untreated, ''Mycoplasma'' pneumonia slowly progresses, and patients typically report high-grade fever and a persistent cough. While the disease can persist for weeks or months, it is frequently mild and self-resolving.  In children < 5 years of age, the infection may run subclinical, mild, and non-pneumonia courses. Complications of ''Mycoplasma'' pneumonia include [[otitis]], [[hemolytic anemia]], [[Asthma|asthma exacerbation]], [[bronchiectasis]], [[Swyer-James syndrome]] (post-infectious obliterative bronchiolitis), [[acute kidney injury]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[pericarditis]], [[myocarditis]], [[transverse myelitis]], or [[meningoencephalitis]]. Prognosis is usually good, and the majority of patients recover completely even without antimicrobial therapy. Elderly individuals and patients with [[sickle cell disease]] and other immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing complications of ''Mycoplasma'' pneumonia.
==Natural History==
==Natural History==
Persistent cough is common during [[convalescence]]; other sequelae are rare. Fatal cases are reported occasionally, primarily among the elderly and persons with [[sickle-cell disease]].
*Following transmission, ''Mycoplasma'' incubation period is approximately 1 to 4 weeks. During this time, the patient remains asymptomatic.<ref name=CDC> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection -  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/clinical-features-complications.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref>
===Patients > 5 Years of Age===
*Onset of symptoms can be gradual and subacute. If left untreated, ''Mycoplasma'' pneumonia slowly progresses, and patients typically report high-grade fever and a persistent cough.<ref name=CDC> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection -  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/clinical-features-complications.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref>
*While the disease can persist for weeks or months, it is frequently mild and self-resolving. The organism may persist for several weeks in the oropharynx despite resolution of clinical symptoms.<ref name=CDC> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection -  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/clinical-features-complications.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref>
===Patients < 5 Years of Age===
*Younger patients often manifest with different clinical characteristics than patients over 5 years old.<ref name=CDC> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection -  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/clinical-features-complications.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref>
*The infection may run subclinical, mild, and non-pneumonia courses.
*Infections in younger patients are often characterized by coryza and wheezing without concomitant fever, and sometimes include diarrhea and vomiting.
*Persistent cough is common during [[convalescence]].<ref name=CDC> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection -  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/clinical-features-complications.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref>
==Complications==
==Complications==
Mycoplasma atypical pneumonia can be complicated by [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[hemolytic anemia]], [[encephalitis]] or [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]].
Complications of ''Mycoplasma'' pneumonia include:<ref name=CDC> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection -  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/clinical-features-complications.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref><ref name=Radiopedia> Dr Amir Rezaee and Dr Yuranga Weerakoddy et al. Mycoplasma pneumonia http://radiopaedia.org/articles/mycoplasma-pneumonia Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref>
* [[Ear infections]]
*[[Hemolytic anemia]]
* [[Hemolytic anemia]]
*[[Asthma|Asthma exacerbation]]
* Severe pneumonia
*[[Acute kidney injury]]
* Skin [[rashes]]
*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
*[[Erythema multiforme]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], or [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]]
*[[Encephalitis]] or [[meningoencephalitis]]
*[[Transverse myelitis]]
*[[Arthropathy]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Bronchiectasis]]
*[[Swyer-James syndrome]] (post-infectious obliterative bronchiolitis)
*[[Bullous myringitis]] (possible)


==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Most people recover completely even without antibiotics, although antibiotics may speed recovery. In untreated adults, cough and weakness can persist for up to a month.
*Prognosis is usually good, and the majority of patients recover completely even without antimicrobial therapy.<ref name=CDC> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection -  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/clinical-features-complications.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref>
*Elderly individuals and patients with [[sickle cell disease]] and other immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing complications of ''Mycoplasma'' pneumonia.<ref name=CDC> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection -  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/clinical-features-complications.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref>
 
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Pulmonology]]
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Following transmission, Mycoplasma incubation period is approximately 1 to 4 weeks. During this time, the patient remains asymptomatic. Onset of symptoms can be gradual and subacute. If left untreated, Mycoplasma pneumonia slowly progresses, and patients typically report high-grade fever and a persistent cough. While the disease can persist for weeks or months, it is frequently mild and self-resolving. In children < 5 years of age, the infection may run subclinical, mild, and non-pneumonia courses. Complications of Mycoplasma pneumonia include otitis, hemolytic anemia, asthma exacerbation, bronchiectasis, Swyer-James syndrome (post-infectious obliterative bronchiolitis), acute kidney injury, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, pericarditis, myocarditis, transverse myelitis, or meningoencephalitis. Prognosis is usually good, and the majority of patients recover completely even without antimicrobial therapy. Elderly individuals and patients with sickle cell disease and other immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing complications of Mycoplasma pneumonia.

Natural History

  • Following transmission, Mycoplasma incubation period is approximately 1 to 4 weeks. During this time, the patient remains asymptomatic.[1]

Patients > 5 Years of Age

  • Onset of symptoms can be gradual and subacute. If left untreated, Mycoplasma pneumonia slowly progresses, and patients typically report high-grade fever and a persistent cough.[1]
  • While the disease can persist for weeks or months, it is frequently mild and self-resolving. The organism may persist for several weeks in the oropharynx despite resolution of clinical symptoms.[1]

Patients < 5 Years of Age

  • Younger patients often manifest with different clinical characteristics than patients over 5 years old.[1]
  • The infection may run subclinical, mild, and non-pneumonia courses.
  • Infections in younger patients are often characterized by coryza and wheezing without concomitant fever, and sometimes include diarrhea and vomiting.
  • Persistent cough is common during convalescence.[1]

Complications

Complications of Mycoplasma pneumonia include:[1][2]

Prognosis

  • Prognosis is usually good, and the majority of patients recover completely even without antimicrobial therapy.[1]
  • Elderly individuals and patients with sickle cell disease and other immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing complications of Mycoplasma pneumonia.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/clinical-features-complications.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016
  2. ↑ Dr Amir Rezaee and Dr Yuranga Weerakoddy et al. Mycoplasma pneumonia http://radiopaedia.org/articles/mycoplasma-pneumonia Accessed on Feb 10 2016
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