Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{Pericarditis}}
{{Pericarditis}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' [[Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}[[Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.]]{{Homa}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Pericarditis]] in developed countries are usually due to viral infections such as [[echovirus]] and [[coxsackie virus]], while in developing countries it is usually secondary to [[tuberculosis]] or [[HIV]] infection. The incidence of pericarditis following [[MI]] has greatly reduced with the use of early [[thrombolytic]] agents and revascularization.
The [[incidence]] of [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] pericarditis is approximately 27.7 per 100,000 individuals annually. The [[Recurrence plot|recurrence]] of [[disease]] is seen in almost 30% of [[patients]] after first episode. The [[mortality rate]] of [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] pericarditis is approximately 1.1% in [[Developed country|developed countries]]. [[Patients]] of all [[age]] groups may [[Development|develop]] [[acute]] pericarditis. Although it commonly affects men in 20 to 50 years of [[age]]. [[Pericarditis]] in [[Developed country|developed countries]] is most commonly due to [[malignancy]] or [[viral infection]]. It usually follows [[respiratory infections]], most commonly [[echovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]]. In [[children]], it is most commonly caused by [[adenovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]]. In developing countries [[pericarditis]] is usually [[secondary]] to [[tuberculosis]] or [[HIV]] infection. [[Tuberculous pericarditis]], caused by [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], is found in approximately 1% of all [[Autopsy|autopsied]] cases of [[TB]] and in 1% to 2% of instances of [[pulmonary]] [[TB]].


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*The [[incidence]] of [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] pericarditis is approximately 27.7 per 100,000 individuals annually.<ref name="ImazioCecchi2007">{{cite journal|last1=Imazio|first1=M|last2=Cecchi|first2=E|last3=Demichelis|first3=B|last4=Chinaglia|first4=A|last5=Ierna|first5=S|last6=Demarie|first6=D|last7=Ghisio|first7=A|last8=Pomari|first8=F|last9=Belli|first9=R|last10=Trinchero|first10=R|title=Myopericarditis versus viral or idiopathic acute pericarditis|journal=Heart|volume=94|issue=4|year=2007|pages=498–501|issn=1355-6037|doi=10.1136/hrt.2006.104067}}</ref><ref name="KytöSipilä2014">{{cite journal|last1=Kytö|first1=Ville|last2=Sipilä|first2=Jussi|last3=Rautava|first3=Päivi|title=Clinical Profile and Influences on Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Pericarditis|journal=Circulation|volume=130|issue=18|year=2014|pages=1601–1606|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010376}}</ref><ref name="ImazioBobbio2005">{{cite journal|last1=Imazio|first1=Massimo|last2=Bobbio|first2=Marco|last3=Cecchi|first3=Enrico|last4=Demarie|first4=Daniela|last5=Demichelis|first5=Brunella|last6=Pomari|first6=Franco|last7=Moratti|first7=Mauro|last8=Gaschino|first8=Gianni|last9=Giammaria|first9=Massimo|last10=Ghisio|first10=Aldo|last11=Belli|first11=Riccardo|last12=Trinchero|first12=Rita|title=Colchicine in Addition to Conventional Therapy for Acute Pericarditis|journal=Circulation|volume=112|issue=13|year=2005|pages=2012–2016|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.542738}}</ref><ref name="ImazioBrucato2013">{{cite journal|last1=Imazio|first1=Massimo|last2=Brucato|first2=Antonio|last3=Cemin|first3=Roberto|last4=Ferrua|first4=Stefania|last5=Maggiolini|first5=Stefano|last6=Beqaraj|first6=Federico|last7=Demarie|first7=Daniela|last8=Forno|first8=Davide|last9=Ferro|first9=Silvia|last10=Maestroni|first10=Silvia|last11=Belli|first11=Riccardo|last12=Trinchero|first12=Rita|last13=Spodick|first13=David H.|last14=Adler|first14=Yehuda|title=A Randomized Trial of Colchicine for Acute Pericarditis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=369|issue=16|year=2013|pages=1522–1528|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1208536}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] of [[hospitalization]] for [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] pericarditis was estimated to be 3.32 cases per 100,000 individuals annually.
*The [[Recurrence plot|recurrence]] of pericarditis is seen in almost 30% of [[patients]] after first episode of [[disease]].
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*The [[mortality rate]] of [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] pericarditis is approximately 1.1% in [[Developed country|developed countries]].<ref name="KytöSipilä2014">{{cite journal|last1=Kytö|first1=Ville|last2=Sipilä|first2=Jussi|last3=Rautava|first3=Päivi|title=Clinical Profile and Influences on Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Pericarditis|journal=Circulation|volume=130|issue=18|year=2014|pages=1601–1606|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010376}}</ref>
===Age===
===Age===
Pericarditis is more frequently seen among adolescents than young adults or children. However, no differences in etiology, clinical course, and prognosis were observed across different age groups of patients with moderate or large [[pericardial effusion]]s.<ref name="pmid11084000">{{cite journal| author=Mercé J, Sagristà Sauleda J, Permanyer Miralda G, Carballo J, Olona M, Soler Soler J| title=[Pericardial effusion in the elderly: A different disease?]. | journal=Rev Esp Cardiol | year= 2000 | volume= 53 | issue= 11 | pages= 1432-6 | pmid=11084000 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
*[[Patients]] of all [[age]] groups may [[Development|develop]] [[acute]] pericarditis. Although it commonly affects people in 20 to 50 years of [[age]].<ref name="AriyarajahSpodick2007">{{cite journal|last1=Ariyarajah|first1=Vignendra|last2=Spodick|first2=David H.|title=Acute Pericarditis|journal=Cardiology in Review|volume=15|issue=1|year=2007|pages=24–30|issn=1061-5377|doi=10.1097/01.crd.0000210645.89717.34}}</ref>
 
===Race===
*There is no [[racial]] predilection to [[acute]] pericarditis.


===Gender===
===Gender===
Pericarditis is seen more frequently among males than females.
 
* [[Men]] are more commonly affected by [[acute]] pericarditis than [[women]].


===Developed Countries===
===Developed Countries===
[[Pericarditis]] in developed countries is most commonly due to [[malignancy]] or [[viral infection]].<ref name="pmid15001332">{{cite journal| author=Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL| title=Pericarditis. |journal=Lancet | year= 2004 | volume= 363 | issue= 9410 | pages= 717-27 | pmid=15001332 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15648-1 | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15001332  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16567581">{{cite journal| author=Little WC, Freeman GL| title=Pericardial disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 12 | pages= 1622-32 | pmid=16567581 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561514 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16567581 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17826391">{{cite journal| author=Imazio M, Brucato A, Adler Y, Brambilla G, Artom G, Cecchi E et al.| title=Prognosis of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis as determined from previously published reports. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2007 | volume= 100 | issue= 6 | pages= 1026-8 | pmid=17826391 |doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.04.047 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17826391  }}</ref> It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly [[echovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]]. In children, it is most commonly caused by [[adenovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]]. The incidence and prevalence of viral pericarditis varies with season and region.
 
* [[Pericarditis]] in [[Developed country|developed countries]] is most commonly due to [[malignancy]] or [[viral infection]].<ref name="pmid15001332">{{cite journal| author=Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL| title=Pericarditis. |journal=Lancet | year= 2004 | volume= 363 | issue= 9410 | pages= 717-27 | pmid=15001332 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15648-1 | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15001332  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16567581">{{cite journal| author=Little WC, Freeman GL| title=Pericardial disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 12 | pages= 1622-32 | pmid=16567581 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561514 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16567581 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17826391">{{cite journal| author=Imazio M, Brucato A, Adler Y, Brambilla G, Artom G, Cecchi E et al.| title=Prognosis of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis as determined from previously published reports. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2007 | volume= 100 | issue= 6 | pages= 1026-8 | pmid=17826391 |doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.04.047 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17826391  }}</ref>
* It usually follows [[respiratory infections]], most commonly [[echovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]].  
* In [[children]], it is most commonly caused by [[adenovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]].  
* The [[incidence]] and [[prevalence]] of viral pericarditis vary with season and region.


===Developing Countries===
===Developing Countries===
In developing countries [[pericarditis]] is usually secondary to [[tuberculosis]] or [[HIV]] infection.<ref name="pmid10047635">{{cite journal| author=Chen Y, Brennessel D, Walters J, Johnson M, Rosner F, Raza M| title=Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pericardial effusion: report of 40 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1999 | volume= 137 | issue= 3 | pages= 516-21 |pmid=10047635 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10047635  }} </ref> [[Tuberculous pericarditis]], caused by [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of [[TB]] and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary [[TB]].<ref name="pmid2046135">{{cite journal| author=Fowler NO| title=Tuberculous pericarditis. | journal=JAMA | year= 1991 | volume= 266 | issue= 1 | pages= 99-103 | pmid=2046135 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic [[pericardiocentesis]] in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa,<ref name="pmid15962545">{{cite journal| author=Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF| title=Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa. | journal=Epidemiol Infect | year= 2005 | volume= 133 | issue= 3 | pages= 393-9 |pmid=15962545 | doi= | pmc=PMC2870262 | url= }} </ref>  while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries.<ref name="pmid3351140">{{cite journal|author=Sagristà-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J| title=Tuberculous pericarditis: ten year experience with a prospective protocol for diagnosis and treatment. |journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1988 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 724-8 | pmid=3351140 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3351140  }} </ref>


==Disorders Associated with Pericarditis==
* In developing countries [[pericarditis]] is usually [[secondary]] to [[tuberculosis]] or [[HIV]] infection.<ref name="pmid3351140">{{cite journal|author=Sagristà-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J| title=Tuberculous pericarditis: ten year experience with a prospective protocol for diagnosis and treatment. |journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1988 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 724-8 | pmid=3351140 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3351140 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10047635">{{cite journal| author=Chen Y, Brennessel D, Walters J, Johnson M, Rosner F, Raza M| title=Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pericardial effusion: report of 40 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1999 | volume= 137 | issue= 3 | pages= 516-21 |pmid=10047635 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10047635 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2046135">{{cite journal| author=Fowler NO| title=Tuberculous pericarditis. | journal=JAMA | year= 1991 | volume= 266 | issue= 1 | pages= 99-103 | pmid=2046135 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid15962545">{{cite journal| author=Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF| title=Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa. | journal=Epidemiol Infect | year= 2005 | volume= 133 | issue= 3 | pages= 393-9 |pmid=15962545 | doi= | pmc=PMC2870262 | url= }} </ref>
Pericarditis can be associated with diseases such as [[autoimmune disorders]], cancer, [[hypothyroidism]], and [[kidney failure]]. It occurs in approximately 13% of patients who are on maintenance [[hemodialysis]].<ref name="pmid3605080">{{cite journal| author=Rutsky EA, Rostand SG| title=Treatment of uremic pericarditis and pericardial effusion. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1987 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 2-8 | pmid=3605080 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3605080 }} </ref> [[Hyperuricemia]] due to inadequate [[dialysis]] or fluid overload may be the reason for pericarditis.<ref>Lundin, AP. Recurrent uremic pericarditis: A marker of inadequate dialysis. Semin Dial 1990; 3:5.</ref>
* [[Tuberculous pericarditis]], caused by [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], is found in approximately 1% of all [[Autopsy|autopsied]] cases of [[TB]] and in 1% to 2% of instances of [[pulmonary]] [[TB]]. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for [[diagnostic]] [[pericardiocentesis]] in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa,  while the same accounts for 4% of cases in [[Developed country|developed countries]].
 
==Pericarditis Following Myocardial Infarction==
In one series, about 1% of [[STEMI]] patients presenting to the emergency department were seen to have pericarditis.<ref name="pmid11146012">{{cite journal| author=Brady WJ, Perron AD, Martin ML, Beagle C, Aufderheide TP| title=Cause of ST segment abnormality in ED chest pain patients. | journal=Am J Emerg Med | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 25-8 | pmid=11146012 | doi=10.1053/ajem.2001.18029 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11146012 }} </ref> The use of [[thrombolytic]] agents and early revascularization have greatly reduced the incidence of both early postinfarction pericarditis and [[Dressler's syndrome]]. Patients presenting to the emergency department with pericarditis account for up to 5% of those with nonischemic [[chest pain]].<ref name="pmid12917306">{{cite journal| author=Spodick DH| title=Acute cardiac tamponade. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2003 | volume= 349 | issue= 7 | pages= 684-90 | pmid=12917306 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra022643 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12917306  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 23:39, 29 July 2020

Pericarditis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. Homa Najafi, M.D.[2]

Overview

The incidence of acute pericarditis is approximately 27.7 per 100,000 individuals annually. The recurrence of disease is seen in almost 30% of patients after first episode. The mortality rate of acute pericarditis is approximately 1.1% in developed countries. Patients of all age groups may develop acute pericarditis. Although it commonly affects men in 20 to 50 years of age. Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly echovirus or coxsackie virus. In children, it is most commonly caused by adenovirus or coxsackie virus. In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

Age

Race

Gender

Developed Countries

Developing Countries

References

  1. ↑ Imazio, M; Cecchi, E; Demichelis, B; Chinaglia, A; Ierna, S; Demarie, D; Ghisio, A; Pomari, F; Belli, R; Trinchero, R (2007). "Myopericarditis versus viral or idiopathic acute pericarditis". Heart. 94 (4): 498–501. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.104067. ISSN 1355-6037.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kytö, Ville; Sipilä, Jussi; Rautava, Päivi (2014). "Clinical Profile and Influences on Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Pericarditis". Circulation. 130 (18): 1601–1606. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010376. ISSN 0009-7322.
  3. ↑ Imazio, Massimo; Bobbio, Marco; Cecchi, Enrico; Demarie, Daniela; Demichelis, Brunella; Pomari, Franco; Moratti, Mauro; Gaschino, Gianni; Giammaria, Massimo; Ghisio, Aldo; Belli, Riccardo; Trinchero, Rita (2005). "Colchicine in Addition to Conventional Therapy for Acute Pericarditis". Circulation. 112 (13): 2012–2016. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.542738. ISSN 0009-7322.
  4. ↑ Imazio, Massimo; Brucato, Antonio; Cemin, Roberto; Ferrua, Stefania; Maggiolini, Stefano; Beqaraj, Federico; Demarie, Daniela; Forno, Davide; Ferro, Silvia; Maestroni, Silvia; Belli, Riccardo; Trinchero, Rita; Spodick, David H.; Adler, Yehuda (2013). "A Randomized Trial of Colchicine for Acute Pericarditis". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (16): 1522–1528. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1208536. ISSN 0028-4793.
  5. ↑ Ariyarajah, Vignendra; Spodick, David H. (2007). "Acute Pericarditis". Cardiology in Review. 15 (1): 24–30. doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000210645.89717.34. ISSN 1061-5377.
  6. ↑ Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL (2004). "Pericarditis". Lancet. 363 (9410): 717–27. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15648-1. PMID 15001332.
  7. ↑ Little WC, Freeman GL (2006). "Pericardial disease". Circulation. 113 (12): 1622–32. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561514. PMID 16567581.
  8. ↑ Imazio M, Brucato A, Adler Y, Brambilla G, Artom G, Cecchi E; et al. (2007). "Prognosis of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis as determined from previously published reports". Am J Cardiol. 100 (6): 1026–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.04.047. PMID 17826391.
  9. ↑ Sagristà-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J (1988). "Tuberculous pericarditis: ten year experience with a prospective protocol for diagnosis and treatment". J Am Coll Cardiol. 11 (4): 724–8. PMID 3351140.
  10. ↑ Chen Y, Brennessel D, Walters J, Johnson M, Rosner F, Raza M (1999). "Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pericardial effusion: report of 40 cases and review of the literature". Am Heart J. 137 (3): 516–21. PMID 10047635.
  11. ↑ Fowler NO (1991). "Tuberculous pericarditis". JAMA. 266 (1): 99–103. PMID 2046135.
  12. ↑ Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF (2005). "Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa". Epidemiol Infect. 133 (3): 393–9. PMC 2870262. PMID 15962545.

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