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==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==


Although  there have been more than 200 cases of Balamuthia infection worldwide, few patients are known to have survived as a result of  successful drug treatment[1,<ref name="pmid17618553">{{cite journal |author=Perez MT, Bush LM |title=Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic encephalitis |journal=[[Current Infectious Disease Reports]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=323–8 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17618553 |doi= |url=}}</ref>]. Early diagnosis and treatment  might increase the chances for survival[<ref name="pmid20550438">{{cite journal |author=Martínez DY, Seas C, Bravo F, ''et al.'' |title=Successful treatment of Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebic infection with extensive neurological and cutaneous involvement |journal=[[Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America]] |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=e7–11 |year=2010 |month=July |pmid=20550438 |doi=10.1086/653609 |url=}}</ref>].
Although  there have been more than 200 cases of Balamuthia infection worldwide, few patients are known to have survived as a result of  successful drug treatment <ref>http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case156/dx.html</ref><ref name="pmid17618553">{{cite journal |author=Perez MT, Bush LM |title=Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic encephalitis |journal=[[Current Infectious Disease Reports]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=323–8 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17618553 |doi= |url=}}</ref>. Early diagnosis and treatment  might increase the chances for survival<ref name="pmid20550438">{{cite journal |author=Martínez DY, Seas C, Bravo F, ''et al.'' |title=Successful treatment of Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebic infection with extensive neurological and cutaneous involvement |journal=[[Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America]] |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=e7–11 |year=2010 |month=July |pmid=20550438 |doi=10.1086/653609 |url=}}</ref>.


Drugs used in treating Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) caused by Balamuthia have included a combination  of flucytosine, pentamidine, fluconazole, sulfadiazine and either azithromycin  or clarithromycin[1,<ref name="pmid17618553">{{cite journal |author=Perez MT, Bush LM |title=Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic encephalitis |journal=[[Current Infectious Disease Reports]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=323–8 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17618553 |doi= |url=}}</ref>,<ref name="pmid17913450">{{cite journal |author=Siddiqui R, Khan NA |title=Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: an emerging disease with fatal consequences |journal=[[Microbial Pathogenesis]] |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=89–97 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=17913450 |doi=10.1016/j.micpath.2007.06.008 |url=}}</ref>,5]. Recently, miltefosine in  combination with some of these other drugs has shown some promise[<ref name="pmid17618553">{{cite journal |author=Perez MT, Bush LM |title=Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic encephalitis |journal=[[Current Infectious Disease Reports]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=323–8 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17618553 |doi= |url=}}</ref>]. Much more  information is needed in treating patients with GAE due to Balamuthia.
Drugs used in treating Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) caused by Balamuthia have included a combination  of flucytosine, pentamidine, fluconazole, sulfadiazine and either azithromycin  or clarithromycin <ref>http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case156/dx.html</ref><ref name="pmid17618553">{{cite journal |author=Perez MT, Bush LM |title=Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic encephalitis |journal=[[Current Infectious Disease Reports]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=323–8 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17618553 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17913450">{{cite journal |author=Siddiqui R, Khan NA |title=Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: an emerging disease with fatal consequences |journal=[[Microbial Pathogenesis]] |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=89–97 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=17913450 |doi=10.1016/j.micpath.2007.06.008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20123772">{{cite journal |author=Cary LC, Maul E, Potter C, ''et al.'' |title=Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis: survival of a pediatric patient |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=e699–703 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20123772 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1797 |url=}}</ref>. Recently, miltefosine in  combination with some of these other drugs has shown some promise<ref name="pmid17618553">{{cite journal |author=Perez MT, Bush LM |title=Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic encephalitis |journal=[[Current Infectious Disease Reports]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=323–8 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17618553 |doi= |url=}}</ref>. Much more  information is needed in treating patients with GAE due to Balamuthia.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


4. Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: an emerging disease with fatal consequences. Microb Pathog. Feb 2008;44(2):89-97.
[[Category:Neurology]]
 
5. Cary LC, Maul E, Potter C, et al. Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis: survival of a pediatric patient. Pediatrics. Mar 2010;125(3):e699-703.
 
6. Drugs for Parasitic Infections: The Medical Letter; 2010.


[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]


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Latest revision as of 17:50, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

GAE can, in general, must be treated by killing the pathogenic amoebas which cause it. Even with treatment, the condition is often fatal, and there are very few recorded survivors, almost all of whom suffered permanent neurocognitive deficits. Several drugs have been shown to be effective against GAE-causing organisms in vitro.[1]

Medical Therapy

Although there have been more than 200 cases of Balamuthia infection worldwide, few patients are known to have survived as a result of successful drug treatment [2][3]. Early diagnosis and treatment might increase the chances for survival[4].

Drugs used in treating Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) caused by Balamuthia have included a combination of flucytosine, pentamidine, fluconazole, sulfadiazine and either azithromycin or clarithromycin [5][3][6][7]. Recently, miltefosine in combination with some of these other drugs has shown some promise[3]. Much more information is needed in treating patients with GAE due to Balamuthia.

References

  1. ↑ http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case156/dx.html
  2. ↑ http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case156/dx.html
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Perez MT, Bush LM (2007). "Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic encephalitis". Current Infectious Disease Reports. 9 (4): 323–8. PMID 17618553. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Martínez DY, Seas C, Bravo F; et al. (2010). "Successful treatment of Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebic infection with extensive neurological and cutaneous involvement". Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 51 (2): e7–11. doi:10.1086/653609. PMID 20550438. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case156/dx.html
  6. ↑ Siddiqui R, Khan NA (2008). "Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: an emerging disease with fatal consequences". Microbial Pathogenesis. 44 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2007.06.008. PMID 17913450. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Cary LC, Maul E, Potter C; et al. (2010). "Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis: survival of a pediatric patient". Pediatrics. 125 (3): e699–703. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1797. PMID 20123772. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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