Foot-and-mouth disease overview: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Foot-and-mouth disease''' (FMD, [[Latin]] [[binomial nomenclature|binomial]] ''Aphtae epizooticae'') is a [[infectious disease|highly contagious]] and sometimes fatal [[virus (biology)|viral]] [[disease]] of | '''Foot-and-mouth disease''' (FMD, [[Latin]] [[binomial nomenclature|binomial]] ''Aphtae epizooticae'') is a [[infectious disease|highly contagious]] and sometimes fatal [[virus (biology)|viral]] [[disease]] of cattle and pigs. It can also infect deer, goats, sheep, and other bovids with cloven hooves, as well as elephants, rats, and hedgehogs. Humans are very rarely affected. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototypic member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. This [[picornavirus]] is the etiological agent of the acute systemic vesicular disease that affects cattle and other animals worldwide. It is a highly variable and transmissible virus.<ref>{{cite book |chapterurl=http://www.horizonpress.com/hsp/abs/absavir.html|author=Martinez-Salas E, Saiz M, Sobrino F|year=2008|chapter=Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|pages=pp. 1-38|id=[http://www.horizonpress.com/avir ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6]}}</ref> | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
The cause of FMD was first shown to be viral in 1897 by | The cause of FMD was first shown to be viral in 1897 by Friedrich Loeffler. He passed the [[blood]] of an infected animal through a fine porcelain filter and found that the fluid that was collected could still cause the [[disease]] in healthy animals. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
When | When FMD virus comes in contact with a host cell, it binds to a receptor site and triggers a folding-in of the [[cell membrane]]. Once the [[virus]] is inside the host cell, its protein coat dissolves. New viral [[RNA]] and components of the protein coat are then synthesized in large quantities and assembled to form new viruses. After assembly, the host cell [[lysis|lyses]] (bursts) and releases the new viruses. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Foot-and-mouth disease is caused by FMDV, an ''[[Aphthovirus]]'' of the viral family ''[[Picornaviridae]]''. The members of this family are small (25-30 nm), nonenveloped [[icosahedral]] viruses that contain single-stranded [[RNA]] (ribonucleic acid, the viral genetic material). There are seven FMD [[serotype]]s: O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1. These serotypes show some regionality, and the O serotype is most common. | Foot-and-mouth disease is caused by FMDV, an ''[[Aphthovirus]]'' of the viral family ''[[Picornaviridae]]''. The members of this family are small (25-30 nm), nonenveloped [[icosahedral]] viruses that contain single-stranded [[RNA]] (ribonucleic acid, the viral genetic material). There are seven FMD [[serotype]]s: O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1. These serotypes show some regionality, and the O serotype is most common. | ||
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==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
===History and Symptoms=== | ===History and Symptoms=== | ||
The average incubation period of the Foot and Mouth virus varies but is generally around 3-8 days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fwi.co.uk/Articles/2007/08/04/105713/foot-and-mouth-symptoms.html|title=Foot and Mouth Symptom Guide |publisher=[[Farmers Weekly]]|date=[[2007-08-04]]|accessdate = 2007-08-06}}</ref> The disease is characterized by high [[fever]] that declines rapidly after two or three days; | The average incubation period of the Foot and Mouth virus varies but is generally around 3-8 days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fwi.co.uk/Articles/2007/08/04/105713/foot-and-mouth-symptoms.html|title=Foot and Mouth Symptom Guide |publisher=[[Farmers Weekly]]|date=[[2007-08-04]]|accessdate = 2007-08-06}}</ref> The disease is characterized by high [[fever]] that declines rapidly after two or three days; [[blister]]s inside the mouth that lead to excessive secretion of stringy or foamy [[saliva]] and to drooling; and blisters on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness. Adult animals may suffer [[weight loss]] from which they do not recover for several months as well as swelling in the testicles of mature males, and in cows, [[milk]] production can decline significantly. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:27, 6 December 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD, Latin binomial Aphtae epizooticae) is a highly contagious and sometimes fatal viral disease of cattle and pigs. It can also infect deer, goats, sheep, and other bovids with cloven hooves, as well as elephants, rats, and hedgehogs. Humans are very rarely affected. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototypic member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. This picornavirus is the etiological agent of the acute systemic vesicular disease that affects cattle and other animals worldwide. It is a highly variable and transmissible virus.[1]
Historical Perspective
The cause of FMD was first shown to be viral in 1897 by Friedrich Loeffler. He passed the blood of an infected animal through a fine porcelain filter and found that the fluid that was collected could still cause the disease in healthy animals.
Pathophysiology
When FMD virus comes in contact with a host cell, it binds to a receptor site and triggers a folding-in of the cell membrane. Once the virus is inside the host cell, its protein coat dissolves. New viral RNA and components of the protein coat are then synthesized in large quantities and assembled to form new viruses. After assembly, the host cell lyses (bursts) and releases the new viruses.
Causes
Foot-and-mouth disease is caused by FMDV, an Aphthovirus of the viral family Picornaviridae. The members of this family are small (25-30 nm), nonenveloped icosahedral viruses that contain single-stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid, the viral genetic material). There are seven FMD serotypes: O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1. These serotypes show some regionality, and the O serotype is most common.
Epidemiology and Demographics
FMD occurs throughout much of the world, and whilst some countries have been free of FMD for some time, its wide host range and rapid spread represent cause for international concern.
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
The average incubation period of the Foot and Mouth virus varies but is generally around 3-8 days.[2] The disease is characterized by high fever that declines rapidly after two or three days; blisters inside the mouth that lead to excessive secretion of stringy or foamy saliva and to drooling; and blisters on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness. Adult animals may suffer weight loss from which they do not recover for several months as well as swelling in the testicles of mature males, and in cows, milk production can decline significantly.
References
- ↑ Martinez-Salas E, Saiz M, Sobrino F (2008). "Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. pp. pp. 1-38. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.
- ↑ "Foot and Mouth Symptom Guide". Farmers Weekly. 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2007-08-06. Check date values in:
|date=(help)