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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Parotitis}} | {{Parotitis}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{LRO}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
Laboratory findings associated with parotitis will vary depending on the cause. Presence of the [[mumps]] [[virus]], ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', [[HIV]], and [[Extrapulmonary tuberculosis|extrapulmonary tuberculosis]], determined by laboratory testing, are indicative of parotitis causation. Additionally, findings for all causes of parotitis include markers for [[inflammation]] as well as elevated [[white blood cell]] counts. | |||
==Laboratory Findings== | |||
A parotitis patient should undergo the following laboratory tests to determine the cause: | |||
===[[Mumps]]=== | |||
*The primary [[mumps]] tests include the following:<ref name="urlwww.cdph.ca.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/AlternativeEtiologiesForParotitisIDWeek2012.pdf |title=www.cdph.ca.gov |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Real-time polymerase chain reaction]]: used to detect the [[mumps]] [[RNA]] in [[oral]] samples.<ref name="pmid16971175">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krause CH, Eastick K, Ogilvie MM |title=Real-time PCR for mumps diagnosis on clinical specimens--comparison with results of conventional methods of virus detection and nested PCR |journal=J. Clin. Virol. |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=184–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16971175 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2006.07.009 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Mumps]] cell culture: obtaining and isolating [[mumps]] [[viral]] culture via an [[oral]] or buccal specimen swab.<ref name="urlMumps | Lab Testing Questions and Answers | CDC">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mumps/lab/qa-lab-test-infect.html |title=Mumps | Lab Testing Questions and Answers | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Serological]] tests to determine presence of [[IgM]] [[antibodies]] indicative of [[mumps]]. | |||
===Bacterial parotitis=== | |||
*The following tests are performed to determine the presence of ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' as the cause of parotitis: | |||
**[[Oral]] or [[buccal]] swab to obtain the potential specimen. | |||
**[[Gram staining]]: Determining if the bacteria obtained is [[Gram-positive|gram-positive]]<ref name="pmid11475313">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beveridge TJ |title=Use of the gram stain in microbiology |journal=Biotech Histochem |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=111–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11475313 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
**Culturing in [[Mannitol Salt Agar|mannitol salt agar]] to determine if yellow-colored colonies emerge, indicative of [[Staphylococcus aureus|''Staphyloccocus aureus'']] | |||
**[[Polymerase chain reaction|Real-time polymerase chain-reaction]].<ref name="pmid16971175">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krause CH, Eastick K, Ogilvie MM |title=Real-time PCR for mumps diagnosis on clinical specimens--comparison with results of conventional methods of virus detection and nested PCR |journal=J. Clin. Virol. |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=184–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16971175 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2006.07.009 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===[[HIV]]=== | |||
*The following tests are performed to determine [[HIV]]-caused parotitis: | |||
**[[ELISA]]: Used to detect presence of [[antibodies]] and [[antigens]] for [[HIV]].<ref name="urlTesting | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/testing.html |title=Testing | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Nucleic acid test]]: Used to detect the presence of [[HIV]] in the blood. | |||
===[[Extrapulmonary tuberculosis]]=== | |||
*Parotitis from [[Extrapulmonary tuberculosis|extrapulmonary tuberculosis]] can be determined by the following: | |||
**'''Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs)''': IGRAS measure immune system reactivity to M. tuberculosis. | |||
***[[White blood cells]] from most people that have been infected with [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|mycobacterium tuberculosis]] will release interferon-gamma (IFN-g) when mixed with [[antigens]] derived from M. tuberculosis. | |||
***High (IFN-g) values in a parotitis patient is indicative of [[Extrapulmonary tuberculosis|extrapulmonary tuberculosis]].<ref name="urlCDC | TB | Fact Sheets | Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs)">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/igra.htm |title=CDC | TB | Fact Sheets | Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
===Common Findings=== | |||
*White Blood Cell Count | |||
**A [[complete blood count]] test performed on parotitis patients may reveal abnormal [[lymphocyte]] and other [[white blood cell]] counts, lesser or greater than normal. | |||
*Markers for Inflammation | |||
**Parotitis patients may display markers for [[inflammation]], determined by the following tests: | |||
***[[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] | |||
***[[C-reactive protein]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Glands]] | [[Category:Glands]] | ||
[[Category:Inflammations]] | [[Category:Inflammations]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:38, 18 September 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
Laboratory findings associated with parotitis will vary depending on the cause. Presence of the mumps virus, Staphylococcus aureus, HIV, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis, determined by laboratory testing, are indicative of parotitis causation. Additionally, findings for all causes of parotitis include markers for inflammation as well as elevated white blood cell counts.
Laboratory Findings
A parotitis patient should undergo the following laboratory tests to determine the cause:
Mumps
- The primary mumps tests include the following:[1]
- Real-time polymerase chain reaction: used to detect the mumps RNA in oral samples.[2]
- Mumps cell culture: obtaining and isolating mumps viral culture via an oral or buccal specimen swab.[3]
- Serological tests to determine presence of IgM antibodies indicative of mumps.
Bacterial parotitis
- The following tests are performed to determine the presence of Staphylococcus aureus as the cause of parotitis:
- Oral or buccal swab to obtain the potential specimen.
- Gram staining: Determining if the bacteria obtained is gram-positive[4]
- Culturing in mannitol salt agar to determine if yellow-colored colonies emerge, indicative of Staphyloccocus aureus
- Real-time polymerase chain-reaction.[2]
HIV
- The following tests are performed to determine HIV-caused parotitis:
- ELISA: Used to detect presence of antibodies and antigens for HIV.[5]
- Nucleic acid test: Used to detect the presence of HIV in the blood.
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
- Parotitis from extrapulmonary tuberculosis can be determined by the following:
- Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs): IGRAS measure immune system reactivity to M. tuberculosis.
- White blood cells from most people that have been infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis will release interferon-gamma (IFN-g) when mixed with antigens derived from M. tuberculosis.
- High (IFN-g) values in a parotitis patient is indicative of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.[6]
- Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs): IGRAS measure immune system reactivity to M. tuberculosis.
Common Findings
- White Blood Cell Count
- A complete blood count test performed on parotitis patients may reveal abnormal lymphocyte and other white blood cell counts, lesser or greater than normal.
- Markers for Inflammation
- Parotitis patients may display markers for inflammation, determined by the following tests:
References
- ↑ "www.cdph.ca.gov" (PDF).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Krause CH, Eastick K, Ogilvie MM (2006). "Real-time PCR for mumps diagnosis on clinical specimens--comparison with results of conventional methods of virus detection and nested PCR". J. Clin. Virol. 37 (3): 184–9. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2006.07.009. PMID 16971175.
- ↑ "Mumps | Lab Testing Questions and Answers | CDC".
- ↑ Beveridge TJ (2001). "Use of the gram stain in microbiology". Biotech Histochem. 76 (3): 111–8. PMID 11475313.
- ↑ "Testing | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC".
- ↑ "CDC | TB | Fact Sheets | Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs)".